Saturday, 2 May 2026

📘 CHAPTER B2 – Bladder, Bleeding & Related Body System Disorders

 


Module 14 – Bladder Problems

Bladder problems include issues with urination such as frequent urination, urgency, leakage (incontinence), pain, or difficulty fully emptying the bladder. Causes include urinary tract infections (UTIs), overactive bladder, pelvic floor weakness, prostate conditions, or nerve damage.

Key symptoms

  • Frequent urination (including night-time urination)
  • Sudden urgency to urinate
  • Incontinence:
    • Stress incontinence (coughing/laughing/exercise)
    • Urge incontinence (sudden loss of control)
    • Overflow incontinence (dribbling)
  • Pain or burning when urinating (dysuria)
  • Blood in urine (hematuria)
  • Feeling unable to fully empty bladder

Causes

  • UTIs
  • Overactive bladder (OAB)
  • Pelvic floor dysfunction
  • Prostate enlargement (men)
  • Nerve disorders (e.g., diabetes, MS, spinal injury)
  • Interstitial cystitis

Management

  • Fluid and caffeine management
  • Weight changes and lifestyle adjustments
  • Pelvic floor exercises (Kegels)
  • Medication for bladder control or infection
  • Procedures (e.g., Botox, nerve stimulation)

Module 15 – Bleeding Disorders

Bleeding disorders occur when blood does not clot properly, leading to excessive or prolonged bleeding. They may be inherited or acquired.

Causes

  • Hemophilia A or B
  • Von Willebrand disease
  • Liver disease
  • Low platelets (thrombocytopenia)
  • Vitamin K deficiency
  • Blood-thinning medications (e.g., NSAIDs, anticoagulants)

Symptoms

  • Easy bruising
  • Prolonged bleeding from cuts
  • Frequent nosebleeds
  • Heavy menstrual bleeding
  • Bleeding after minor procedures
  • Joint or muscle bleeding (internal)

When to seek help

  • Heavy bleeding that doesn’t stop
  • Bleeding that soaks pads hourly
  • Unexplained or spontaneous bleeding

Module 16 – Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A TBI is brain damage caused by external force such as impact, accident, or penetration.

Causes

  • Falls
  • Road traffic accidents
  • Sports injuries
  • Violence or assaults
  • Explosions

Symptoms

  • Headache, dizziness, nausea
  • Confusion or memory loss
  • Mood changes (anxiety, irritability)
  • Sensory issues (light/noise sensitivity)
  • Loss of consciousness

Types

  • Mild (concussion)
  • Moderate
  • Severe
  • Closed or penetrating injury

Treatment

  • Emergency stabilisation
  • Brain imaging (CT/MRI)
  • Surgery if needed
  • Rehabilitation (speech, physio, occupational therapy)

📘 CHAPTER C3 – Neurological, Cancer & Developmental Conditions

Module 17 – Cancer

Cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and may spread.

Types

  • Carcinoma (organs/skin)
  • Sarcoma (bone/muscle)
  • Leukaemia (blood)
  • Lymphoma (immune system)

Symptoms

  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Lumps or swelling
  • Persistent cough
  • Skin changes

Treatment

  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Targeted therapy

Causes

  • DNA mutations
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Radiation exposure
  • Environmental factors

Modules 17–23 – Chronic Neurological & Long-Term Conditions

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

  • Movement disorder caused by early brain damage
  • Symptoms: stiffness, poor coordination, developmental delay
  • Lifelong but non-progressive
  • Managed with therapy and support

Chronic overlapping conditions in CP/CFS/CF/CVD context

  • Chronic fatigue
  • Chronic pain
  • Increased cardiovascular risk
  • Mobility decline with age

📘 CHAPTER D4 – Neurodevelopmental, Sensory & Lifespan Conditions

Module 4 – Dyscalculia

A learning disability affecting number understanding.

  • Difficulty with maths, numbers, time, money
  • Poor number sense and calculation
  • Working memory issues in maths
  • Anxiety around numeracy

Module 5 – Down Syndrome

A genetic condition (Trisomy 21).

  • Intellectual disability
  • Distinct physical traits
  • Low muscle tone
  • Heart and health complications
  • Lifelong developmental support needs

Module 6 – Dysgraphia

A writing disorder affecting handwriting and written expression.

  • Illegible handwriting
  • Slow writing speed
  • Poor spelling
  • Difficulty organising ideas
  • Linked to motor and processing issues

Module 7 – Dyslexia

A reading and language processing difficulty.

  • Difficulty reading and spelling
  • Slow decoding of words
  • Phonological processing weakness
  • Lifelong but manageable with support

Module 8 – Dyspraxia (DCD)

A coordination and motor planning disorder.

  • Poor coordination and balance
  • Clumsiness
  • Difficulty with writing, dressing, sports
  • Speech motor issues in some cases
  • Linked to brain-body communication differences

📘 CHAPTER E5 – Mental Health, Eating Disorders & Genetic/Connective Tissue Conditions

Module 29 – Eating Disorders

Serious mental health conditions involving food, weight, and body image.

  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • Binge eating disorder
  • ARFID

Symptoms

  • Restrictive eating or bingeing
  • Distorted body image
  • Emotional distress
  • Physical health decline

Module 30 – Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDS)

Genetic connective tissue disorders affecting collagen.

  • Joint hypermobility
  • Skin fragility
  • Chronic pain
  • Dislocations
  • Vascular complications (in some types)

Module 31 – Endometriosis

A hormone-related condition where tissue grows outside the uterus.

  • Severe pelvic pain
  • Pain during menstruation or sex
  • Infertility
  • Fatigue and digestive symptoms
  • Chronic inflammatory condition

Module 32 – Epilepsy

Neurological condition causing seizures.

  • Seizures (focal or generalised)
  • Loss of awareness or convulsions
  • Genetic or brain injury causes
  • Managed with medication in most cases

📘 CHAPTER F6 – Chronic Pain, Sensory & Sensitivity Conditions

Module 33 – Fibromyalgia

A chronic pain condition affecting how the brain processes pain.

  • Widespread pain
  • Fatigue
  • “Fibro fog” (memory issues)
  • Sleep disturbance
  • IBS-like symptoms

Module 34 – Fragrance Sensitivity

Non-allergic reaction to scented chemicals.

  • Headaches or migraines
  • Sneezing, coughing, asthma flare-ups
  • Skin irritation
  • Dizziness or nausea
  • Managed by avoidance

📘 CHAPTER G7 – Digestive & Genitourinary Disorders

Module 35 – Gastrointestinal (GI) Disorders

Digestive system conditions.

  • GERD
  • IBS
  • IBD (Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis)
  • Celiac disease
  • Ulcers and gallbladder disease

Module 36 – Genitourinary (GU) Disorders

Urinary and reproductive system conditions.

  • UTIs
  • Kidney stones
  • Prostate disorders
  • STIs
  • Incontinence
  • Chronic kidney disease

📘 CHAPTER H8 – Mental Health, Personality, Neurological & Behavioural Disorders

Modules 37–44 – Mental Health Spectrum (H–Z Conditions)

Substance & Behavioural Disorders

  • Hallucinogen Use Disorder
  • Substance-related addictions

Personality Disorders

  • Histrionic Personality Disorder
  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder
  • Haltlose Personality Disorder (historical)

Neurodevelopmental & Cognitive Conditions

  • Intellectual Disability
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Neurocognitive disorders (e.g., dementia)

Mood & Anxiety Disorders

  • Hypomania
  • Major depressive disorder
  • Panic disorder
  • PTSD
  • Phobias
  • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Severe Mental Health Conditions

  • Schizophrenia
  • Schizoaffective disorder
  • Psychosis

Behavioural & Control Disorders

  • Kleptomania
  • Impulse-control disorders
  • OCD

Neuro & Trauma Conditions

  • TBI
  • Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
  • Reactive attachment disorder

Other Conditions

  • Suicidality
  • Self-harm
  • Somatic symptom disorder
  • Hypersomnia
  • Tourette syndrome

📘 CHAPTER J–Z – A–Z Disability & Mental Health Framework

Core categories

  • I: Intellectual disability, impulse-control disorders
  • K: Kleptomania
  • L: Learning disabilities/difficulties
  • M: Mood disorders, mobility disabilities, meltdowns
  • N: Neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, personality disorders
  • O: OCD
  • P: Panic disorder, PTSD, psychosis
  • R: Reactive attachment disorder
  • S: Schizophrenia spectrum, SAD, self-harm, suicidality
  • T: Tourette syndrome, trauma disorders, TBI
  • V: Vascular dementia, visual impairment
  • Z: General mental health concerns category

📘 CHAPTER SPECIAL EDUCATION – Learning Disabilities & Developmental Needs

Learning & Special Needs Spectrum

Includes:

  • Dyslexia
  • Dysgraphia
  • Dyscalculia
  • ADHD
  • Autism
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Down syndrome
  • Auditory processing disorder
  • Visual processing disorder
  • Executive functioning deficits

Key features

  • Brain-based differences in learning
  • Affects reading, writing, maths, memory, coordination, or communication
  • Not linked to intelligence
  • Supported through IEPs and accommodations 

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