Friday, 31 July 2026
Sigmund Freud
Key points from the
source
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
was an Austrian neurologist who developed psychoanalysis, which became one of
the major historical approaches to understanding the mind and human behaviour.
Freud emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind, arguing that thoughts, memories, wishes,
and conflicts outside conscious awareness could influence behaviour and
emotions.
His id, ego, and superego
model described different aspects of personality:
Id: instinctive and
pleasure-seeking impulses.
Ego: attempts to manage
impulses while dealing with reality.
Superego: internalized
rules, morals, and ideals.
Freud also developed
ideas about psychosexual development, dreams, repression, unconscious conflict,
and defense mechanisms.
His work was strongly
influenced by his collaboration with Josef Breuer, particularly the idea that
talking about distressing experiences could sometimes reduce psychological
symptoms.
His book The
Interpretation of Dreams (1900) became particularly influential in the
development of psychoanalytic thought.
Freud's theories became
highly influential, but many of his specific claims—particularly some of his
theories about sexuality and childhood—remain controversial and have been
heavily criticized.
Why Freud is important
historically
For your psychology
material, I think the most useful point is that Freud helped move psychological
thinking toward the idea that human behaviour may have causes that are not
immediately conscious.
This provides a
historical bridge from:
Early medical
explanations → unconscious processes →
psychoanalysis → later psychological
theories
Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
A substance use disorder is a recognized medical condition
where a person continues to use a substance (such as alcohol, prescription
medication, or illegal drugs) despite experiencing problems or harm. It affects
the brain, behaviors, emotions, relationships, health, and everyday
functioning.
It is considered a chronic but treatable condition, meaning
that people can recover with the right support, treatment, and changes in their
environment.
Main Features of Substance Use Disorder
1. Changes in the brain
Alcohol and drugs can affect areas of the brain involved in:
Reward and pleasure
Decision-making
Impulse control
Stress responses
These changes can create strong cravings and make stopping
difficult.
2. Loss of control
A person may:
Use more than they planned
Spend a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from the
substance
Try to stop but find it very difficult
3. Problems in daily life
Substance use may lead to difficulties with:
Family and friendships
Education or employment
Money
Physical health
Mental health
Responsibilities and safety
4. Tolerance
Over time, the body may adapt to the substance.
The person may need larger amounts to achieve the same
effect.
5. Withdrawal
When someone reduces or stops using a substance, they may
experience physical or emotional symptoms, such as:
Anxiety
Irritability
Sleep problems
Shaking
Feeling unwell
Withdrawal symptoms depend on the substance and the person.
How Language Has Changed
Older terms
Historically, words such as:
"Substance abuse"
"Drug abuse"
"Addict"
were commonly used.
However, some professionals moved away from these terms
because they could:
Increase stigma
Make people feel blamed or judged
Suggest a moral failing rather than a health condition
Modern approach
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fifth Edition combined the older categories of substance abuse and substance
dependence into one diagnosis:
Substance Use Disorder
The severity can range from:
Mild
Moderate
Severe
depending on the number of symptoms and how much the
person's life is affected.
Important Understanding
Having a substance use disorder does not mean a person lacks
willpower or is a bad person. Substance use develops through a combination of
factors, including:
Biology and genetics
Brain development
Stress and trauma
Mental health difficulties
Social environment
Access to support and treatment
This fits with the wider biopsychosocial model of health,
which looks at how biological, psychological, and social factors interact.
For an awareness book or teaching resource, it may also be
useful to include a section on stigma, disability, mental health, and barriers
to treatment, because many people with substance use disorders also experience
misunderstanding from society and healthcare systems.Easy Read: Positive
Psychology 😊
What is Positive Psychology?
Positive psychology is the study of:
😊 Happiness
❤️ Joy
💪 Strengths
🌟 Well-being
🤝 Positive relationships
It looks at what helps people live a happy and meaningful
life, not just mental illness.
Easy Read: Positive Psychology 😊
What is Positive
Psychology?
Positive psychology is
the study of:
😊 Happiness
❤️ Joy
💪 Strengths
🌟 Well-being
🤝 Positive relationships
It looks at what helps
people live a happy and meaningful life, not just mental illness.
Who Started Positive
Psychology?
👨🏫 Dr. Martin Seligman
helped start positive psychology.
He had spent many years
studying depression.
He wanted psychologists
to also study:
Happiness
Hope
Kindness
Life satisfaction
What is Subjective
Well-being?
Subjective well-being
means:
😊 Feeling good in your life.
💭 Feeling good about your life.
It includes:
Positive emotions.
Being satisfied with
your life.
Everyone's idea of
happiness is different.
Positive Psychology is
NOT Toxic Positivity
Positive psychology does
not mean pretending everything is okay.
It is okay to feel:
😢 Sad
😠 Angry
😨 Afraid
These emotions are
normal.
Positive psychology
teaches us to:
Accept difficult
feelings.
Look for hope.
Find healthy ways to
cope.
Why is Happiness
Important?
Research shows that
happy people are more likely to:
💡 Think creatively.
🎯 Solve problems.
🤝 Build friendships.
❤️ Have better relationships.
💼 Do well at work or school.
🩺 Enjoy better health.
🌱 Recover from stress more easily.
Barbara Fredrickson's
Broaden-and-Build Theory
Psychologist Barbara
Fredrickson found that positive emotions help us:
Learn new things.
Try new activities.
Meet new people.
Build confidence.
Become more resilient.
Over time, these
experiences help us handle future challenges.
What Helps People Feel
Happier?
Positive psychology
suggests:
😴 Get enough sleep
Sleep helps both your
body and your brain.
🚶 Exercise
Regular exercise can
improve mood and reduce stress.
🥗 Eat healthy foods
Healthy eating supports
physical and mental health.
🧘 Relax your mind
Helpful activities
include:
Meditation
Journaling
Mindfulness
Reflection
👨👩👧 Spend time with others
Strong friendships and
supportive family members can improve happiness.
Even small conversations
with people can brighten your day.
❤️ Be kind
Small acts of kindness
help both you and other people.
For example:
Holding a door open.
Helping someone.
Saying thank you.
Smiling at others.
💰 Money and Happiness
Money can reduce stress
when it helps pay for:
Food
Housing
Bills
After basic needs are
met, more money does not always make people happier.
Research suggests people
often gain more happiness from:
Experiences
Spending time with loved
ones
Helping others
than from buying lots of
possessions.
Everyone is Different
What makes one person
happy may not make another person happy.
For example:
One person may enjoy:
Relaxing on a beach.
Another person may
enjoy:
Backpacking.
Travelling.
Learning new things.
Different cultures may
also value different emotions and experiences.
Key Words
Word Meaning
Positive Psychology The study of happiness and well-being.
Happiness Feeling joy and enjoyment.
Subjective Well-being Feeling good in and about your life.
Resilience The ability to recover after difficult times.
Mindfulness Paying attention to the present moment.
Social Support Help and encouragement from other people.
Life Satisfaction Feeling pleased with your life overall.
Remember
✅ It is normal to feel both positive and negative
emotions.
✅ Happiness does not mean being happy all the time.
✅ Looking after your body and mind can improve
well-being.
✅ Friends, family, kindness, and healthy habits can all
support happiness.
✅ Positive psychology is about building a meaningful
and satisfying life, not pretending problems do not exist. This category is
always changing and covers a wide range of treatments, like aromatherapy,
acupuncture, massage, herbal remedies, and more. These treatments also come
with varying amounts of research. Easy Read: Positive Psychology 😊
What is Positive
Psychology?
Positive psychology is
the study of:
😊 Happiness
❤️ Joy
💪 Strengths
🌟 Well-being
🤝 Positive relationships
It looks at what helps
people live a happy and meaningful life, not just mental illness.
Who Started Positive
Psychology?
👨🏫 Dr. Martin Seligman
helped start positive psychology.
He had spent many years
studying depression.
He wanted psychologists
to also study:
Happiness
Hope
Kindness
Life satisfaction
What is Subjective
Well-being?
Subjective well-being
means:
😊 Feeling good in your life.
💭 Feeling good about your life.
It includes:
Positive emotions.
Being satisfied with
your life.
Everyone's idea of
happiness is different.
Positive Psychology is
NOT Toxic Positivity
Positive psychology does
not mean pretending everything is okay.
It is okay to feel:
😢 Sad
😠 Angry
😨 Afraid
These emotions are
normal.
Positive psychology
teaches us to:
Accept difficult
feelings.
Look for hope.
Find healthy ways to
cope.
Why is Happiness
Important?
Research shows that
happy people are more likely to:
💡 Think creatively.
🎯 Solve problems.
🤝 Build friendships.
❤️ Have better relationships.
💼 Do well at work or school.
🩺 Enjoy better health.
🌱 Recover from stress more easily.
Barbara Fredrickson's
Broaden-and-Build Theory
Psychologist Barbara
Fredrickson found that positive emotions help us:
Learn new things.
Try new activities.
Meet new people.
Build confidence.
Become more resilient.
Over time, these
experiences help us handle future challenges.
What Helps People Feel
Happier?
Positive psychology
suggests:
😴 Get enough sleep
Sleep helps both your
body and your brain.
🚶 Exercise
Regular exercise can
improve mood and reduce stress.
🥗 Eat healthy foods
Healthy eating supports
physical and mental health.
🧘 Relax your mind
Helpful activities
include:
Meditation
Journaling
Mindfulness
Reflection
👨👩👧 Spend time with others
Strong friendships and
supportive family members can improve happiness.
Even small conversations
with people can brighten your day.
❤️ Be kind
Small acts of kindness
help both you and other people.
For example:
Holding a door open.
Helping someone.
Saying thank you.
Smiling at others.
💰 Money and Happiness
Money can reduce stress
when it helps pay for:
Food
Housing
Bills
After basic needs are
met, more money does not always make people happier.
Research suggests people
often gain more happiness from:
Experiences
Spending time with loved
ones
Helping others
than from buying lots of
possessions.
Everyone is Different
What makes one person
happy may not make another person happy.
For example:
One person may enjoy:
Relaxing on a beach.
Another person may
enjoy:
Backpacking.
Travelling.
Learning new things.
Different cultures may
also value different emotions and experiences.
Key Words
Word Meaning
Positive Psychology The study of happiness and well-being.
Happiness Feeling joy and enjoyment.
Subjective Well-being Feeling good in and about your life.
Resilience The ability to recover after difficult times.
Mindfulness Paying attention to the present moment.
Social Support Help and encouragement from other people.
Life Satisfaction Feeling pleased with your life overall.
Remember
✅ It is normal to feel both positive and negative
emotions.
✅ Happiness does not mean being happy all the time.
✅ Looking after your body and mind can improve
well-being.
✅ Friends, family, kindness, and healthy habits can all
support happiness.
✅ Positive psychology is about building a meaningful
and satisfying life, not pretending problems do not exist. and licensing
requirements for practitioners.
But when used correctly,
complementary and alternative medicine can be an important part of someone's
life, to prevent or treat pain, illness, and mental health concerns. And there
are a few different ways these treatments may be used.
[BEGIN ANIMATED SEGMENT]
Imagine you're
experiencing chronic back pain due to many, many hours practicing for your
budding e-sports career. Every time you get up, it sounds like you're snapping
a glow light. Here's how you might seek treatment for this pain with different
approaches to complementary and alternative medicine.
Alternative medicine
uses only treatments that might be called non-conventional in the United
States. So, you might try a treatment like a deep tissue massage. Nothing like
a stranger digging their knuckles into your lower back to really make you feel
good!
If you want to use
complementary medicine, you'd try both conventional and non-conventional
treatments. You might go to your doctor for some pain medication. Then, you
might also go to a Chinese traditional medicine specialist, who may recommend
herbal remedies or fire cupping, an ancient practice that uses suction to
stimulate and massage your body. These interventions can work together to help
heal you.
Then, there's
integrative medicine, which is a comprehensive approach that uses both
conventional and non-conventional treatments and also takes a broader view of
you and your health. This approach considers your body, mind, emotions, and
environment to address your pain.
Module 5 Topics and
Recommended Resources
Topic Best Accessible Source Why it's useful
Health Psychology OpenStax Psychology (your course text) Explains the psychology behind health and
illness.
Chronic Stress WHO + OpenStax Stress chapter Explains how long-term stress affects the
body and mind.
Chronic Illnesses &
Diseases WHO Health Topics +
MedlinePlus Reliable explanations of
diseases and long-term conditions.
Positive Psychology Your Study Hall transcript Covers happiness, resilience, and well-being.
Complementary &
Alternative Medicine WHO +
MedlinePlus Gives clear definitions
of complementary, traditional, and integrative medicine.
1. Health Psychology
Health psychology
studies how our thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and lifestyle affect our health.
Examples include:
Stress
Smoking
Exercise
Healthy eating
Sleep
Managing long-term
illness
2. Chronic Stress
Chronic stress is stress
that lasts for a long time.
It can affect nearly
every body system.
Possible effects
include:
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Depression
Anxiety
Sleep problems
Poor immune function
Diabetes risk
WHO also provides
evidence-based stress management resources such as Doing What Matters in Times
of Stress for coping with prolonged stress.
3. Chronic Illnesses and
Diseases
Examples include:
Diabetes
Heart disease
Arthritis
Asthma
Epilepsy
Cancer
Living with a chronic
illness may affect:
Mental health
Family life
Work
Finances
Daily activities
Support from health
professionals, family, and friends can improve quality of life.
4. Positive Psychology
Your Study Hall lesson
explains that positive psychology studies:
Happiness
Well-being
Hope
Resilience
Gratitude
Kindness
Important psychologists
include:
Martin Seligman
Barbara Fredrickson
Research suggests
positive emotions can help people:
Recover from stress
Build stronger
relationships
Improve resilience
Become more creative
Improve overall
well-being
Positive psychology does
not mean ignoring problems or pretending to be happy all the time.
5. Treating the Whole
Person
This topic looks at the
whole person, not just the illness.
It considers:
Physical health
Mental health
Emotional health
Social support
Lifestyle
Culture
Personal beliefs
6. Complementary and
Alternative Medicine (CAM)
According to the WHO:
Complementary medicine
is used alongside conventional medical treatment.
Alternative medicine is
used instead of conventional medicine.
Integrative medicine
combines conventional medicine with evidence-based complementary approaches.
Examples include:
Meditation
Yoga
Acupuncture
Massage
Herbal medicine
Mindfulness
These approaches may
help improve well-being, but they should be discussed with healthcare providers
because some treatments or supplements can interact with medications.
WHO Health Topics
The WHO Health Topics
page is excellent for Module 5 because it covers:
Mental health
Stress
Diabetes
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Epilepsy
Depression
Brain health
Disability
Traditional,
Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Health promotion
WHO Health Topics
I can also help
Since you've mentioned
before that Easy Read materials work best for you, I can put together a
complete Module 5 Easy Read Study Guide (about 12–15 pages) with:
😊 Simple language
📖 Key definitions
💡 Real-life examples
📚 Key studies and psychologists
⭐ Important terms to remember
❓Practice quiz questions
It would be similar to
the Easy Read summaries we've been creating for your earlier psychology
modules.
You'd go to a doctor to
talk about your physical health. You could speak to a nutritionist, who might
recommend anti-inflammatory foods like olive oil and leafy green vegetables.
You might buy a standing desk or a chair with better lumbar support, and
practice meditation or mindfulness to work on the psychological aspect of your
pain. And, of course, perhaps some acupuncture targeted at your lower back.
Complementary and
alternative medicine can also be preventative. So after you resolve your back
pain, you might continue getting regular massages, or work out a new nutrition
plan to make sure you can keep gaming pain-free.
[END ANIMATED SEGMENT]
More than 30% of US
adults use some form of non-conventional medicine, which can be especially
helpful for chronic conditions. Natural supplements, meditation, yoga, tai chi,
deep breathing, chiropractic treatments, and massage are the most common.
Overall, complementary
and alternative medicine is used in nearly 90% of all countries to some degree.
And while some treatments target physical symptoms, many traditional practices
are concerned with much more than the physical body. And that's the part that
can really help us think a little differently.
[TOPIC 2 - The Roots of
Complementary and Alternative Medicine]
Complementary and
alternative medicine has deep roots in cultural beliefs and practices around
the world. And in many cases, these cultures view people as interconnected
systems involving the body, mind, spirit, environment, and more. And
traditional medicine often treats all of that.
So maybe you really
appreciated how your experience with complementary and alternative medicine
helped your back pain before. And now your e-sports career is taking off.
You want to make sure to
keep your body in shape for long hours of practice. But you also need to keep
your mind sharp so you can strategize and make good decisions for your team.
So you decide to learn
more about the roots of complementary and alternative medicine and the ways it
can help your career.
[chee], [yin], [yang]
First, you look to
Chinese traditional medicine, which dates back thousands of years. It says that
each human body has a qi, a life force, made up of yin and yang, which are two
opposing but complementary forces. Yin represents femininity, darkness, and passivity.
Yang represents masculinity, light, and action.
[chee-gong]
Chinese traditional
medicine is all about keeping yin and yang in balance and may involve herbal
remedies or techniques such as acupuncture, acupressure, and fire cupping as
well as physical movements like tai chi and qigong. You're interested in how
tai chi may be helpful for your concentration and reactions in the game.
[eye-your-vey-dic]
[doe-shuh]
Next, you look to India
and Ayurvedic Medicine. Ayurveda is a Sanskrit term that roughly translates to
the science of life. Similar to Chinese traditional medicine, Ayurvedic
practitioners believe in energies inside our bodies, called doshas. Ayurvedic medicine
works to keep a person's doshas balanced.
This treatment is
holistic, considering a person's mind, body, spirit, environment, physical
symptoms, and the root causes of these symptoms. And because Ayurveda looks at
the whole person, treatments are very individual. They may include oils,
tinctures, massages, baths, and diet changes to balance out the energies in the
body. You decide to pay special attention to your diet and environment to keep
yourself healthy and balanced as you pursue your career.
Finally, you look into
North American Indigenous medicine, which also emphasizes spirituality and the
belief that people and nature are connected. It often uses herbal remedies,
like how the Lakota use purple coneflower for cold symptoms or bitterroot for muscle
cramps. You keep this in mind for the next time you feel tense after a long
practice.
These are not even close
to all forms of traditional medicine. Every continent, every country, every
culture will have some form of traditional practice that can be considered
complementary or alternative medicine.
And they all have
something to teach us about how we use medicine and how we think about our
health and the interconnected systems of our minds and bodies.
[Topic 3 - The Science
Behind Complementary and Alternative Medicine]
That's why, as
complementary and alternative medicine has become more common alongside
mainstream medicine in countries like England and the United States,
researchers in these countries have also become more and more interested in
understanding why these practices work.
Take mindfulness, or our
awareness of our internal state and our surroundings. Mindfulness has its roots
in several ancient religious practices, including those of Hinduism and
Buddhism.
And recent psychological
research has demonstrated again and again that mindfulness can improve our
mental health and reduce anxiety. In one study, even a 15-minute breathing
exercise was able to help undergrad students refocus their negative thoughts and
stabilize their emotions. And mindfulness is key to many practices in
complementary and alternative medicine.
Like, mantra meditation
is a form of meditation where you repeat a word or phrase to yourself. You can
repeat a religious word, like Shanti, a Sanskrit word meaning peace. Or you
can make up your own affirming phrase to help yourself release anxiety and
stress. [Like this: **Deja closes her eyes** I am smart, I am funny, I am
strong...and beautiful, definitely beautiful]
In the past few decades,
research into mantra meditation has found that it has benefits for long-term
mental health and can help release anger and anxiety.
Many other traditional
practices like tai chi, qi gong, yoga, deep breathing and more also involve
mindfulness.
And along with their
psychological benefits, those practices also have proven physical benefits. For
example, tai chi, a Chinese art of smooth, balanced movements, has been shown
to increase quality of life, especially for older adults. It can also help with
arthritis symptoms and chronic pain.
[sih-low-sigh-bin]
Another treatment that
considers both the mind and body is psilocybin. Psilocybin is a psychedelic
chemical naturally found in some strains of mushrooms. And it has been used all
over the world for centuries.
For example, Ancient
Mazatec people in what is now Mexico used these mushrooms for religious and
medical purposes. At least, before the Spanish conquistadors tried to wipe out
all traces of these trippy fungi for centuries. The conquistadors ultimately failed,
and in the 1950s, psilocybin began making a comeback [and it's been here for
years].
In recent decades, we've
seen lots of scientific evidence showcasing the positive effects of psilocybin.
It can prevent or lessen depression symptoms. It can help with addiction. It
can also help with headaches and symptoms related to Obsessive-compulsive
disorder.
As of 2023, psilocybin
is still scrutinized by governments and classified as a Schedule 1 drug in the
United States, which means it's not considered to have any accepted medical
use. But there has been a growing movement to change this, including an educational
campaign called Decriminalize Nature that has helped make psilocybin legal in
certain cities.
Biomedical research and
understanding of traditional practices have come a long way. But the medical
community in Europe and North America still cautions that traditional medicine
is best when it works alongside conventional methods under the guidance of a
doctor.
For example, a person
who has cancer should get conventional treatment such as chemotherapy. But
complementary and alternative medicine may help manage side effects
like nausea and fatigue. And it can also be crucial for the person's mental health,
giving them ways to cope with the stress and anxiety of their disease.
But it's also important
to know that not all traditional medicines have been tested under the
biomedical framework.
[ur-get]
Some herbal treatments
can be harmful. For example, ergot is an herb that was used in childbirth in
Europe in the 1800s. But it can cause horrible toxic side effects like
convulsions.
And, in the US at least,
traditional herbal treatments are not approved by the Federal Department of
Agriculture. So they may not be as extensively researched or tested as other
prescription medications.
So, as with any form of
medicine or treatment, we should be thoughtful, look at the evidence, and make
sure to listen to our bodies and our minds.
[CONCLUSION]
Complementary and
alternative medicine often treats us by examining us as a complex system, made
up of both our mind and body. And, as we've seen time and time again, it's
basically impossible to separate our psychology from our physiology.
Thinking of traditional
medicine as something that exists outside of our current medical system isn't
very helpful. Under the supervision of a doctor, these methods can, and should,
work together.
So whether you're a
seasoned yoga-goer or deathly afraid of acupuncture needles, complementary and
alternative medicine gives us other ways to think about treating our symptoms.
And it gives us better ways to think about ourselves.
[OUTRO]
If you're enjoying Study
Hall Intro to Psychology and are interested in taking an online course and
earning college credit, go to gostudyhall.com or click on THIS button to learn
more. Thanks for watching, see you next time!
Burton, I put my hands
outside the car when pulled over
Levar Burton:
Listen, I'm going to be
honest with you, and this is a practice that I engage in every time I am
stopped by law enforcement, and I taught this to my son who is now 33 as part
of my duty as a father, to ensure that he knows the kind of world in which he's
growing up. So when I get stopped by the police, I take my hat off and my
sunglasses off, I put them on the passenger's side, I roll down my window, I
take my hands, I stick them outside the window and on the door of the driver's
side because I want that officer to be as relaxed as he can be when he
approaches my vehicle. And I do that because I live in America and because of
the-
Tim Wise:
But Don, that's-
Don Lemon:
Tim, before I go to you,
I have a very similar thing, although I am a little bit more of an uppity, you
know what, because I actually get, I feel like, "Why did you stop me? What
did I do?" Growing up in Louisiana, people would stop me. My parents did
very well. They'd say, "Where'd you get that car, nigger? Whose car is
this?" Right? And I was coming back from Florida a couple of years ago
with someone I was dating who happened to be white. And he said, "I have
never had the police deal with me like that." I'm like, "Hello,
welcome to my life. You don't understand. It doesn't exist for you; it doesn't
exist."
Speaker 4:
That's why I don't like
white people to use the N-word.
Don Lemon:
Right.
Speaker 4:
Because they never get
treated like a nigger.
Don Lemon:
Go ahead, Tim.
Tim Wise:
What LaVar just said is
so heavy, and I want white folks who are watching this show to see how heavy it
is because here I am. I know Wynton's from New Orleans. I lived in New Orleans
for 10 years. And I told you this story once on a show before, but back when I
was like 23 living in New Orleans, I graduated from Tulane, and one day I locked
myself out of my car on Robert Street. And so I'm trying to break into my car
with a coat hanger, and a cop comes up, and he sees me doing it, man, and he does
not even ask me for ID or proof that that's my car. He actually, literally, the
NOPD... You got to let me finish. And I know Wynton will appreciate this story.
The NOPD was like, "Hey, you're breaking into the car the wrong way. Let
me help you." The cop was trying to help me break in.
Now, there is not a
black man in this country, 23 years old, for whom that would've been the
reaction. And I hope people understand how deep... LaVar having to put his
hands out the window? Basically, what my mom told me was, "Be nice to
cops." She didn't say, "Don't move your hands because you're going to
get shot." None of that. And that is about white privilege. That is about
racism, and that is the fundamental difference between the N-word and any other
racial term on this planet. That's exactly the point.
ASU
This transcript was
created for accessibility for use in Study Hall PSY 101: Introduction to
Psychology in collaboration with Study Hall and Universal Learner Courses, ASU
Learning Enterprise. Published in 2024.
Visit the Go Study Hall
webpage to learn more.
Culture Shock: Sudanese
refugees coming to America
Speaker 1: Do people go
to the river with containers to draw water for themself?
Speaker 2: For?
Speaker 1: For bathing?
If you want to take a bath?
Speaker 3: There is
something called an apartment. I've never heard, met, and I've never seen it.
Speaker 1: Shower? What
does it look like, shower?
Speaker 4: I've never
used electricity. So I imagine it is really very hard for me to do that.
Speaker 1: In the United
States, we heard there is only one wife. These things are going to affect us.
Speaker 5: The food we
got on the plane was not as good as what we used to be eating [inaudible
00:00:38] at Kakuma.
Speaker 1: It tastes
like soap, that small one. I don't know if it is soap or bitter, really. I
guess if you go, people say, "It's food, eat". But when I try a
taste, it's like soap actually.
Speaker 5: And even now-
Speaker 1: I don't know
what's the difference-
Speaker 5: I cannot
tell. It is that meat? Is that milk? Is that cheese? I cannot tell.
Speaker 6: Potatoes. In
Africa, you just cook it, and you boil it, okay. Here, they make it
different [inaudible 00:01:19]. Now, here, they make it differently. They
call these chips. They slice it, they fry it, they put it in a bag. Okay?
Speaker 1: It's ready.
Speaker 6: It's ready
cooked, yes. Try, everything is yours. Everything here has belonged to you. We
do not throw things away through the window. We put it here. You press this, you
push-
Speaker 1: You put this
way [inaudible 00:01:48]-
Speaker 6: This goes
down. Right.
Speaker 1: Is this a
food?
Speaker 7: These are
donuts.
Speaker 8: These are
colored sprinkles that we decorate them with. You want to try one? Want to
taste it?
Speaker 1: Thank you.
Excuse me, it looks like beans.
Speaker 8: Seems like
you're fascinated.
Speaker 9: I've never.
Speaker 1: That is Santa
Claus. It's Santa Claus.
Speaker 10: And how is
it connected with the birth of Jesus Christ? I think many of us have so many
questions to ask, but I think we have few people to answer them.
Speaker 1: Everything is
different. Everything is different. It's kind of irritating because people know
you're from Africa. They say, "Where are you from? Africa?"
"Yes." Some people say, "Do you live in the forest?" Nobody's
born in the forest. You can't live in the forest. You have to live in a house.
In the United States,
people are not friendly. You can find somebody walking in the street by
himself, don't even talk. You cannot go to the house of somebody who you don't
know though you are all Americans. They call the police, "Why this guy
come to my house and I don't know him?" But in Sudan, they can ask you,
"Have you got lost? Are you new to this place?" They can ask you. You
say, "I'm new to this place." They can show you where you are. You
can even talk with them.
We must ask them, "How do people work in this area?" How do people feel when you
ask somebody, "Now can you show me away? How do you feel?" That's
difficult. You cannot even ask them because these are different people. That's
really difficult. I don't know how we're going to be acquainted with this life
here. It's a great shame actually.
Speaker 11: Merchants in
Daniel and Panther's neighborhood have filed complaints with the local police
in Pittsburgh. They feel intimidated by the boys entering their stores in large
numbers. So a meeting was called to advise the boys not to travel in groups.
Speaker 12: Do you find
everything really new and different here?
Speaker 1: Yes-
Speaker 13: Yes.
Speaker 12: Do you have
a lot more freedom here than you did?
Speaker 1: Mm-hmm-
Speaker 13: Yeah.
Speaker 12: Yeah.
Speaker 1: S-U-D-A-N.
Speaker 14: Sudan-
Speaker 15: What does
that mean?
Speaker 1: Yeah, Sudan.
Speaker 14: What does it
mean?
Speaker 15: What does it
mean?
Speaker 1: It's a
country where I came from.
Children: Oh.
Speaker 1: So it's a
country of Black people. They all look Black. You go there, you cannot
find white men.
Speaker 14: Now I'm
getting you.
Speaker 1: Okay.
ASU
This transcript was
created for accessibility for use in Study Hall PSY 101: Introduction to
Psychology in collaboration with Study Hall and Universal Learner Courses, ASU
Learning Enterprise. Published in 2024.
Visit the Go Study Hall
webpage to learn more.
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