🧬 What is Dyspraxia?
Dyspraxia (also called Developmental Coordination Disorder – DCD) affects:
- Movement 🧍
- Coordination 🤲
- Planning and organisation 🧠
It can also affect:
- Speech 💬
- Memory 🧠
- Processing speed ⏱️
👉 Dyspraxia is not related to intelligence
People with dyspraxia:
- Can learn and succeed
- May need extra time
- Benefit from structured support
⚠️ What is Apraxia?
Apraxia is a neurological condition where a person:
👉 Knows what they want to do
👉 But cannot plan the movement to do it
🧠 Key Idea
The brain’s “planning system” does not send correct signals to the muscles.
🧪 Causes of Apraxia
Acquired Apraxia
- Stroke
- Brain injury
- Tumours
- Neurological disease
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
- Often unknown cause
- Sometimes linked to genetic or developmental differences
🗣️ Types of Apraxia
🗣 Speech Apraxia (AOS)
- Difficulty planning speech movements
- Speech is inconsistent
- Errors change each time
✋ Ideomotor Apraxia
- Cannot perform learned actions on command
- Example: pretending to brush teeth
🤲 Limb-Kinetic Apraxia
- Difficulty with precise movements
- Writing, typing, waving
👀 Oculomotor Apraxia
- Difficulty moving eyes voluntarily
🔍 Symptoms of Apraxia
💬 Speech
- Long pauses
- “Groping” for sounds
- Difficulty starting speech
- Inconsistent errors
🤲 Movement
- Can do actions automatically
- But not when asked
👉 This shows difference between:
- Automatic movement
- Planned movement
🧠 Dyspraxia – Signs & Difficulties
👀 Movement & Coordination
- Clumsiness
- Poor balance
- Difficulty using tools
- Poor handwriting
🗣 Communication
- Slower speech
- Difficulty expressing ideas
- Unclear speech
🧩 Learning & Organisation
- Difficulty planning tasks
- Forgetfulness
- Trouble sequencing steps
💚 Strengths
People may have:
- 🎨 Creativity
- 🧠 Problem-solving skills
- 🎶 Musical/artistic ability
- 💪 Determination
- 🤝 Social strengths
🛠️ Support & Treatment
🧠 Dyspraxia Support
- Break tasks into steps
- Use visual supports
- Allow extra time
- Structured routines
- Patience and encouragement
🗣 Apraxia Support
- Speech and language therapy
- Repetition and practice
- Motor planning exercises
- Visual + sound cues
🤝 Communication Support
- Speak clearly
- Give response time
- Check understanding
- Encourage communication
⚠️ Behaviour & Understanding
Behaviour may be caused by:
- Frustration
- Difficulty
- Overwhelm
👉 Behaviour is communication
❗ But this does NOT excuse unsafe behaviour
🚨 Safe Response
- Stay calm
- Prioritise safety
- Support the person
- Escalate when needed
🧪 Key Differences
| Feature | Dyspraxia | Apraxia |
|---|---|---|
| Main issue | Coordination & planning | Motor planning |
| Muscle weakness | ❌ No | ❌ No |
| Speech | Sometimes affected | Often affected |
| Movement | Coordination difficulty | Planning difficulty |
| Cause | Developmental | Brain injury or developmental |
🧠 Key Scientific Idea
The brain controls movement through planning.
If planning is affected:
- Signals don’t reach muscles correctly
- Movements become inconsistent or difficult
🧬 Links to Other Conditions
May occur alongside:
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- ADHD
- Learning disabilities
🧩 Teaching & Learning Strategies
✅ Multisensory Learning
- Hear 👂
- See 👀
- Do ✋
Example:
- Clapping syllables
- Movement-based learning
- Visual prompts
📄 VERSION 2 – EASY READ
🧠 What is Dyspraxia?
Dyspraxia affects:
- Movement
- Coordination
- Planning
👉 It is NOT about intelligence
⚠️ What is Apraxia?
Apraxia means:
👉 The brain knows what to do
👉 But the body cannot plan the movement
👀 Difficulties
People may find it hard to:
- Move
- Speak
- Plan tasks
- Write
💚 Strengths
People may be:
- Creative
- Good problem solvers
- Determined
🛠️ Support
- Step-by-step help
- Extra time
- Speech therapy
- Visual support
💚 Key Message
People learn and move in different ways.
📝 VERSION 3 – QUIZ (WITH ANSWERS)
❓ Dyspraxia affects:
A. Movement ✔
B. Intelligence
C. Vision
❓ Apraxia is:
A. Muscle weakness
B. Planning difficulty ✔
C. Memory loss
❓ True or False:
Dyspraxia affects intelligence ❌ False
❓ Name one strength:
✔ Creativity / Problem solving / Music
❓ Support includes:
✔ Speech therapy
✔ Visual support
✔ Extra time
☑️ VERSION 4 – ASSESSMENT SHEET
👤 Name: ____________
👩🏫 Tutor: ____________
📅 Date: ____________
🧠 Knowledge
☐ Understands dyspraxia
☐ Understands apraxia
☐ Knows differences
🤝 Skills
☐ Uses strategies
☐ Supports communication
☐ Shows patience
❤️ Attitude
☐ Respectful
☐ Supportive
☐ Encouraging
💬 Tutor Feedback
📊 VERSION 5 – POWERPOINT SLIDES
- What is Dyspraxia?
- What is Apraxia?
- Causes
- Types of Apraxia
- Signs and symptoms
- Movement difficulties
- Strengths
- Support strategies
- Behaviour understanding
- Key message
🧠 VERSION 6 – QUICK REVISION
- Dyspraxia = movement and coordination difficulty
- Apraxia = motor planning difficulty
- No link to intelligence
- Speech may be affected
- Support improves outcomes
🎓 VERSION 7 – TEACHING ACTIVITY
🧩 Movement Game
- Say action
- Break into steps
- Demonstrate slowly
- Repeat together
👉 Builds planning skills
💚 FINAL MESSAGE
Dyspraxia and apraxia are:
- Neurological differences
- Not related to intelligence
- Manageable with support
💚 With understanding and patience, people can succeed.
👍 You now have a FULL Chapter 9 professional training pack
This includes:
- Clinical explanation
- Easy Read
- Comparison table
- Apraxia types
- Teaching strategies
- Behaviour guidance
- Assessment tools
- Quiz + activities
- PowerPoint structure
🧬 1. Dyspraxia (Developmental Coordination Disorder – DCD)
🧠 What is Dyspraxia?
Dyspraxia affects:
- Movement 🧍
- Coordination 🤲
- Planning and organisation 🧠
It may also affect:
- Speech 💬
- Memory 🧠
- Processing speed ⏱️
👉 Dyspraxia is NOT related to intelligence
👀 Signs of Dyspraxia
🧍 Movement & Coordination
- Clumsiness
- Poor balance
- Difficulty using tools
- Handwriting difficulties
🧠 Planning & Organisation
- Difficulty planning tasks
- Trouble following steps
- Forgetting instructions
- Sequencing difficulties
💬 Communication
- Slower speech
- Difficulty expressing ideas
- Unclear speech
💚 Strengths of Dyspraxia
People may have:
- 🎨 Creativity
- 🧠 Problem-solving skills
- 🎶 Musical/artistic ability
- 💪 Determination
- 🤝 Social strengths
🛠️ Dyspraxia Support
- Break tasks into steps
- Give clear instructions
- Allow extra time
- Use visuals
- Be patient and supportive
🧠 Key Message
👉 Dyspraxia is a difference in coordination and planning
💚 With support, people can succeed
⚠️ 2. Apraxia
🧠 What is Apraxia?
Apraxia is a neurological condition where:
👉 A person knows what they want to do
👉 But cannot plan the movement to do it
🧪 Causes of Apraxia
Acquired Apraxia
- Stroke
- Brain injury
- Tumours
- Neurological disease
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
- Often unknown cause
- Sometimes genetic/developmental
🗣️ Types of Apraxia
- 🗣 Speech Apraxia (AOS)
- ✋ Ideomotor Apraxia
- 🤲 Limb-Kinetic Apraxia
- 👀 Oculomotor Apraxia
🔍 Signs of Apraxia
- Speech inconsistency
- Long pauses
- Difficulty starting speech
- Cannot perform actions on command
- “Groping” for sounds
🧠 Key Idea
👉 Automatic movement may be possible
👉 Planned movement is difficult
🛠️ Apraxia Support
- Speech and language therapy
- Repetition and practice
- Visual + sound cues
- Motor planning exercises
- Time to respond
💚 Key Message
👉 The brain knows what to do
👉 But struggles to send the message to the body
💚 Support and therapy help improve skills
🔍 3. Dyspraxia vs Apraxia (Comparison)
| Feature | Dyspraxia | Apraxia |
|---|---|---|
| Main issue | Coordination & planning | Motor planning |
| Speech | Sometimes affected | Often affected |
| Movement | Clumsy coordination | Cannot plan actions |
| Cause | Developmental | Injury or neurological |
| Intelligence | Not affected | Not affected |
🧠 4. Behaviour & Understanding
Sometimes behaviour happens because of:
- Frustration
- Difficulty communicating
- Overwhelm
👉 Behaviour is communication
⚠️ BUT:
This does NOT excuse unsafe behaviour
🚨 Safe Response
- Stay calm
- Prioritise safety
- Support the person
- Follow guidelines
🧠 5. Key Scientific Idea
👉 The brain plans movement before the body acts
If this is affected:
- Signals do not reach muscles correctly
- Movement becomes difficult or inconsistent
🧬 6. Links to Other Conditions
Dyspraxia and apraxia may occur alongside:
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- ADHD
- Learning disabilities
🧩 7. Teaching & Learning Strategies
✅ Multisensory Learning
- See 👀
- Hear 👂
- Do ✋
Examples:
- Clapping syllables
- Tapping sounds
- Visual cues
📚 Teaching Support
- Repeat instructions
- Break tasks into steps
- Use clear modelling
- Slow down information
❌ Avoid
- Rushing
- Overloading information
- Guessing answers
🧠 8. Dynamic Assessment
This looks at:
- How a person learns
- How they respond to help
Examples:
- Sound repetition
- Sequencing tasks
- Word recall
👉 It shows learning potential, not just difficulty
🧪 9. Key Assessment Areas
- Speech patterns
- Coordination skills
- Ability to improve with support
- Sound sequencing
💚 10. Strengths
People may have:
- 🎨 Creativity
- 🧠 Problem-solving skills
- 🎶 Artistic ability
- 💪 Determination
- 🤝 Social strengths
🧾 11. Dysgraphia
🧠 What is Dysgraphia?
Dysgraphia affects:
- ✍️ Handwriting
- 📝 Written expression
- 🧠 Organising ideas
👉 It is NOT about intelligence
✍️ Key Challenges
- Messy handwriting
- Slow writing
- Poor spacing
- Difficulty holding pen
- Difficulty organising ideas
- Avoiding writing tasks
📉 Impact
- Slow homework/exams
- Stress and frustration
- Misunderstood ability
🧠 Why It Happens
Related to:
- Motor coordination
- Visual-spatial processing
- Language processing
💚 Strengths
- 🎨 Creativity
- 🧩 Problem solving
- 🗣 Strong verbal skills
- 💪 Resilience
🛠️ Support Strategies
💻 Technology
- Typing
- Speech-to-text
- Audio recording
⏱ Learning Support
- Extra time
- Step-by-step instructions
- Guided notes
✋ Motor Support
- Pencil grips
- Occupational therapy
- Fine motor practice
🧠 Key Message
👉 Writing difficulty does NOT equal low intelligence
💚 Support improves outcomes
🧾 12. Easy Read Version
🧠 Dyspraxia
- Movement is hard
- Planning is hard
- Coordination is difficult
💚 People can still learn and succeed
⚠️ Apraxia
- Brain knows what to do
- Body cannot follow correctly
💚 Support and therapy help
✍️ Dysgraphia
- Writing is difficult
- Spelling and handwriting may be hard
💚 People may use computers or speech tools
💡 FINAL KEY MESSAGE
💚 These conditions are about how the brain processes movement, writing, or planning
💚 They are NOT about intelligence
💚 Everyone has strengths
💚 Support makes a real difference
💚 Understanding reduces stigma
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