Substance use can change consciousness because alcohol, drugs, and some medications affect the brain. They can change mood, attention, memory, judgment, reaction time, and perception.
Substance abuse means a
pattern of use that causes problems. These problems may affect health, school,
work, relationships, safety, or self-control.
Other states of
consciousness include dreaming, meditation, hypnosis, deep relaxation,
daydreaming, sleep, and the effects of psychoactive substances.
Learning means a fairly
lasting change in behavior or knowledge that happens through experience. People
and animals learn by making connections, trying actions, and watching others.
Classical conditioning
happens when one thing becomes connected with another thing. For example, a
sound, smell, or place can become linked with a feeling or reaction.
Operant conditioning
happens when behavior changes because of consequences. Rewards can make behavior
more likely, while punishment can make behavior less likely.
Observational learning
means learning by watching others. People may copy behaviors they see,
especially when the model is rewarded, respected, or important to them.
An easy way to remember
classical conditioning is learning by association, operant conditioning is
learning by consequences, and observational learning is learning by watching.
Identify different states
of consciousness, including sleep and intoxication.
Distinguish between
classical and operant conditioning.
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