Problem solving is the process of finding a way to reach a goal or overcome a challenge.
We solve problems every day.
Examples
- Finding your keys.
- Working out a maths question.
- Planning a journey.
- Fixing a computer problem.
- Deciding which supermarket to visit.
Good problem solving often involves using memory, attention, reasoning, and experience.
Strategies for Solving Problems
Psychologists describe several common strategies.
1. Trial and Error
Try different solutions until one works.
Example
You forget the password to your email.
You try several passwords until you remember the correct one.
Advantages
- Simple.
- Can work well for easy problems.
Disadvantages
- Can take a long time.
- Not practical for difficult problems.
2. Algorithm
An algorithm is a step-by-step method that guarantees the correct answer if followed properly.
Example
A recipe.
If you follow every step correctly, you should produce the same meal.
Another example is using long division in mathematics.
Advantages
- Very accurate.
- Reliable.
Disadvantages
- May take more time.
3. Heuristic
A heuristic is a mental shortcut.
It helps people make decisions more quickly.
Example
You choose the supermarket you usually visit because it has worked well before.
You may not compare every possible option, but the shortcut often saves time.
Advantages
- Fast.
- Efficient.
Disadvantages
- Can sometimes lead to mistakes.
Insight
Sometimes the answer suddenly appears.
This is called an insight or an "Aha!" moment.
Example
You struggle with a crossword puzzle.
After taking a break, the answer suddenly comes to you.
Obstacles to Problem Solving
Sometimes our thinking gets in the way.
Functional Fixedness
This happens when we only think of an object in its usual way.
Example
A coin can tighten a screw if you do not have a screwdriver.
Someone with functional fixedness may never think to use the coin in this way.
Mental Set
A mental set means using a solution that worked before, even when a new solution would work better.
Example
You always drive the same route to the shops.
One day the road is closed.
Instead of looking for another route, you keep trying the usual one.
Confirmation Bias
People often look for information that supports what they already believe.
They may ignore evidence that disagrees with them.
Example
Someone believes one football team is always the best.
They remember the team's wins but forget its losses.
Confirmation bias can affect decision-making in everyday life.
Decision Making
Decision making means choosing between different options.
Good decisions often involve:
- Gathering information.
- Comparing choices.
- Thinking about possible outcomes.
- Choosing the best option.
Sometimes people make decisions quickly using heuristics.
Other times, they carefully analyse each option.
Problem Solving and Memory
Problem solving depends on memory.
We often:
- Remember similar situations.
- Recall facts we have learned.
- Apply previous experiences to new problems.
The more knowledge we have, the more strategies we can use.
Links to Dyslexia, Autism, and Learning Disabilities
People solve problems in different ways.
Dyslexia
Someone with dyslexia may:
- need extra time to read instructions.
- benefit from coloured overlays or text-to-speech.
- understand the solution once information is presented clearly.
Autism
Some autistic people may:
- enjoy logical and systematic problem solving.
- notice details others miss.
- prefer clear routines and structured instructions.
Unexpected changes may require extra processing time.
Learning Disabilities
Helpful supports include:
- breaking tasks into smaller steps.
- using pictures and diagrams.
- providing written and verbal instructions.
- allowing additional time.
These adjustments improve access to learning without changing a person's intelligence or potential.
Everyday Example
Imagine your washing machine stops working.
You might:
- Check whether it is plugged in.
- Look for an error message.
- Read the instruction manual.
- Search for advice online.
- Call a repair technician if needed.
This combines trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and previous experience.
Key Words
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Problem solving | Finding a solution to a challenge. |
| Trial and error | Trying different solutions until one works. |
| Algorithm | A step-by-step method that leads to the correct answer. |
| Heuristic | A mental shortcut used to make decisions quickly. |
| Insight | A sudden understanding of the solution. |
| Functional fixedness | Seeing an object only in its usual use. |
| Mental set | Continuing to use an old solution when a new one is needed. |
| Confirmation bias | Looking for evidence that supports existing beliefs. |
Quick Quiz
1. Which strategy guarantees the correct answer if followed correctly?
A. Heuristic
B. Algorithm
C. Trial and error
Answer: B. Algorithm
2. What is a heuristic?
A. A guaranteed solution
B. A mental shortcut
C. A memory problem
Answer: B. A mental shortcut
3. What is functional fixedness?
A. Forgetting information
B. Only seeing an object in its usual use
C. Solving every problem the same way
Answer: B. Only seeing an object in its usual use
4. An "Aha!" moment is called:
A. Confirmation bias
B. Insight
C. Mental set
Answer: B. Insight
Study Tip
To remember the four main problem-solving strategies, think of TAHI:
- T = Trial and Error – Try different solutions.
- A = Algorithm – Follow a set of steps.
- H = Heuristic – Use a mental shortcut.
- I = Insight – Suddenly see the answer.
This simple acronym can make it easier to recall the concepts when studying for quizzes or assignments.
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