Both of these resources explain effortful processing, which is an important concept in memory. Here's an Easy Read summary combining the key ideas.
What is effortful processing?
Effortful processing is when you have to pay attention and make an effort to remember information.
It usually happens when you are learning something new or difficult.
Examples include:
- Studying for an exam.
- Learning a new language.
- Remembering a phone number.
- Learning people's names.
- Memorising facts or dates.
Unlike automatic processing, effortful processing requires concentration and practice.
Why is effortful processing important?
Effortful processing helps move information into long-term memory.
The more you practise or review information, the easier it becomes to remember later.
How does memory work?
According to the OpenStax Psychology chapter, memory has three main stages:
1. Encoding
This is when your brain takes in new information.
Examples:
- Reading a book.
- Listening to a teacher.
- Watching a video.
2. Storage
Your brain stores the information for later use.
Some memories stay for only a few seconds, while others can last for years.
3. Retrieval
Retrieval means bringing information back into your mind when you need it.
Examples:
- Answering a quiz question.
- Remembering where you parked your car.
- Recalling someone's birthday.
Strategies that improve effortful processing
Psychologists have found that several study techniques improve memory.
Rehearsal
Repeat information several times.
Example:
- Saying a phone number aloud until you remember it.
Chunking
Break information into smaller groups.
Instead of:
149217761945
Think:
1492 1776 1945
This is much easier to remember.
Mnemonics
A mnemonic is a memory aid.
Examples:
- Rhymes
- Acronyms
- Songs
- Visual images
Example:
ROY G. BIV helps remember the colours of the rainbow.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Connect new information to something you already know.
For example:
If you're learning about the hippocampus, connect it with the idea that it helps form new memories.
Making meaningful connections usually helps memories last longer than simple repetition.
Automatic Processing vs Effortful Processing
| Automatic Processing | Effortful Processing |
|---|---|
| Happens without trying | Requires attention |
| Little mental effort | Lots of mental effort |
| Everyday information | New or difficult information |
| Walking, reading familiar words | Studying, memorising facts |
| Usually unconscious | Usually conscious |
Real-Life Example
Imagine you're studying psychology.
You may need effortful processing to remember:
- Definitions.
- Psychologists' names.
- Research studies.
- Brain structures.
- Key theories.
At first, remembering this information takes concentration. After reviewing it several times, recalling it becomes easier because the information has been encoded into long-term memory.
💡 Study Tips
To improve effortful processing:
- ✅ Pay full attention.
- ✅ Remove distractions.
- ✅ Study a little each day instead of cramming.
- ✅ Repeat important information.
- ✅ Make connections with what you already know.
- ✅ Test yourself regularly.
- ✅ Get enough sleep, as sleep helps consolidate memories.
🧠 Psychology at a Glance
Effortful processing is the conscious effort to learn and remember new information. It involves attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval. Techniques such as rehearsal, chunking, mnemonics, and elaborative rehearsal make learning more effective and increase the chances that information will be stored in long-term memory.
The OpenStax chapter also emphasizes that memory is an active process: information must first be encoded, then stored, and finally retrieved when needed. This explains why actively engaging with material—rather than simply reading it once—usually leads to better learning and recall.That's a really thoughtful observation, and psychology research supports much of what you're describing.
Our brains haven't changed very much in the last few decades, but the amount of information we're expected to manage every day has increased enormously.
Why do you remember your Mum's and Nan's old phone numbers?
There are several reasons:
- Frequent repetition: You probably dialled those numbers many times over several years.
- Emotional importance: Information connected to people we love is often remembered better.
- Learning over a long period: Repeating something over months or years creates strong long-term memories.
- Fewer competing memories: When you were younger, there were far fewer phone numbers, passwords, usernames, and PINs to keep track of.
Those old numbers became deeply embedded in your long-term memory.
Why are mobile numbers harder?
Today, we rarely need to memorise numbers because our phones do it for us.
For example:
- You tap a person's name instead of typing their number.
- Your phone stores hundreds of contacts.
- GPS remembers addresses.
- Browsers remember websites.
- Password managers can remember passwords.
Because we don't actively rehearse this information, our brains often don't store it as strongly.
Information overload
You also mentioned something psychologists call cognitive load.
Every day, people may need to remember:
- Passwords
- PIN numbers
- Email addresses
- Usernames
- Security questions
- Verification codes
- Wi-Fi passwords
- Banking details
- App logins
That's far more information than most people had to manage 30 or 40 years ago.
Does "too much information overflow the brain"?
Not literally—the brain doesn't "fill up" like a hard drive. Instead, it has limited attention and working memory.
When you're trying to process lots of new information at once:
- It's harder to focus.
- New memories are encoded less effectively.
- Similar pieces of information (like different passwords) can become mixed up.
- You may forget details because your attention is divided.
So it can certainly feel like your brain is overloaded, even though the issue is more about attention and memory processing than storage capacity.
Your own experience
Given what you've shared before about living with dyslexia, dyspraxia, and autism, it's also understandable that managing lots of unrelated pieces of information—especially passwords and login details—can be particularly demanding. Many neurodivergent people find that they remember meaningful information very well but struggle with arbitrary information that changes frequently, such as complex passwords.
An interesting comparison
Many people can instantly remember:
- Their childhood home telephone number.
- Their first home address.
- Their best friend's name at school.
- The words to songs they learned decades ago.
Yet they may forget:
- A password created last week.
- A new colleague's phone number.
- Where they put their keys this morning.
This illustrates an important principle in psychology: memories that are meaningful, emotional, and repeatedly used are generally much stronger than information that is random, temporary, or rarely recalled.
In other words, your experience is not unusual at all. It shows how memory is shaped not just by how much information we encounter, but by how often we use it, how meaningful it is, and whether we actively retrieve it over time.
People born before the 2000s often say things like:
- "I still remember my childhood home phone number."
- "I can remember my grandparents' address from 40 years ago."
- "I know the lyrics to songs I learned as a teenager."
- "But I can't remember the password I created last week!"
Psychologists explain this in several ways:
- Repetition: Before mobile phones, people repeatedly dialled the same phone numbers until they became automatic.
- Limited information: There were fewer numbers, addresses, and accounts to remember.
- Meaning: Information about family, friends, and home carried emotional significance.
- Technology: Today we rely on phones, computers, and password managers to store information, so we don't practise remembering it as much. This is sometimes called cognitive offloading—using external tools to reduce the amount we have to keep in our own memory.
This isn't necessarily a bad thing. Using technology to remember routine information frees up mental resources for other tasks. However, it also means we may not form strong memories for information we rarely retrieve ourselves.
Interestingly, younger people who have grown up with smartphones often have a different experience. They may be excellent at quickly finding information online but may memorise fewer phone numbers because they've never needed to. In contrast, many older adults can still recall several telephone numbers from decades ago because those memories were reinforced repeatedly before digital contact lists existed.
So the difference is often less about age itself and more about the environment in which people learned and used information. The way we use memory has changed dramatically over the last 30–40 years because technology has changed the demands placed on it. That's a fascinating example of how psychology and everyday life intersect. That's a thoughtful question, and researchers are actively studying it. The answer is it's complicated.
There are a few reasons why it can seem as though more older adults have memory problems today.
People are living longer
One of the biggest reasons is that people are, on average, living much longer than they did 30–40 years ago.
As we age, the risk of conditions such as:
- Alzheimer's disease
- Vascular dementia
- Lewy body dementia
increases. So even if the rate of disease stayed the same, we would expect to see more people living with these conditions simply because more people are reaching their 80s and 90s.
Better diagnosis
Doctors today are much better at recognising memory disorders than they were decades ago.
Years ago, people might simply have been described as "getting forgetful" or "becoming senile." Today, many of those individuals would receive a specific diagnosis, leading to better support and treatment.
Lifestyle changes
Researchers are also looking at whether modern lifestyles affect brain health. They are studying factors such as:
- Physical activity.
- Diet.
- Sleep.
- Social interaction.
- Education.
- Managing conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.
- Hearing and vision health.
These factors can all influence the risk of memory problems later in life.
Technology
Some scientists are also interested in whether relying heavily on smartphones, GPS, and digital reminders changes how we use our memory. At the moment, there is no strong evidence that using technology causes dementia.
Instead, technology seems to change what we remember rather than our ability to remember. For example, many people no longer memorise phone numbers because they know they can find them on their phone.
Some encouraging news
Interestingly, studies from several high-income countries have found that age-specific dementia rates may have declined slightly over recent decades. In other words, someone aged 75 today may, on average, have a slightly lower risk of dementia than someone who was 75 several decades ago. Researchers think this may be linked to improvements in education, healthcare, and better treatment of heart and blood vessel conditions. However, because populations are getting older, the total number of people living with dementia is still expected to increase.
Memory changes are not always dementia
It's also important to remember that not every memory lapse is a sign of dementia.
Many healthy older adults notice changes such as:
- Taking longer to remember a name.
- Misplacing items occasionally.
- Forgetting why they entered a room.
These changes can be a normal part of ageing. Dementia usually involves more significant difficulties that interfere with daily life, such as trouble managing finances, getting lost in familiar places, or forgetting important events repeatedly.
So your question touches on an important distinction: we are seeing more people with dementia overall because more people are living to older ages, but that doesn't necessarily mean ageing itself has become more damaging to the brain than it was 30 or 40 years ago. Researchers continue to study how lifestyle, healthcare, education, and technology may influence brain health across the lifespan.
I think that's a fair observation.
Every generation probably feels that it has a lot to remember because the demands of everyday life change. For example:
- In the 1970s and 1980s, people remembered home phone numbers, addresses, birthdays, shopping lists, bus routes, and appointments because there were no smartphones to store them.
- Today, people still have to remember many of those things, but they've also added email addresses, usernames, passwords, PINs, security questions, two-factor authentication codes, app logins, streaming accounts, online banking, and much more.
So, in many ways, the type of information we manage has changed, and for many people the volume has increased as well.
Psychologists sometimes distinguish between remembering information and remembering where to find information. Before the internet, people often memorised facts because they had few alternatives. Today, many people remember that the information exists online and know how to look it up when needed. This changes how memory is used in everyday life.
There is also the issue of constant interruptions. Many people today deal with:
- Emails
- Text messages
- Social media notifications
- News alerts
- Work messages
- Multiple online accounts
All of these compete for our attention. Since attention is the first step in forming memories, frequent interruptions can make it harder to encode new information well.
So while people in the past certainly had plenty to remember, the digital age has added new kinds of cognitive demands. It's not necessarily that our brains have become worse at remembering—it's that we're asking them to juggle many more pieces of information and switch attention more often than previous generations did.
That's one reason why many people, regardless of age, say they feel mentally "full" at times. The challenge isn't just memory—it's managing an increasingly complex flow of information in everyday life.
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