🧠 1. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition involving:
- Obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts)
- Compulsions (repetitive behaviours performed to reduce anxiety)
It affects around 1–2% of people.
Key Features
- Repetitive checking, cleaning, counting, or arranging
- Strong anxiety if rituals are not completed
- Distress caused by intrusive thoughts
Examples of Compulsions
- Hand washing repeatedly
- Checking doors, locks, or appliances
- Repeating phrases or actions
🧩 2. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
OCPD is a personality disorder, not the same as OCD.
It is characterised by:
- Extreme perfectionism
- Need for control
- Strong focus on order and rules
Key Differences from OCD
- OCPD is more about personality style
- Thoughts/behaviour feel “right” to the person
- Less presence of intrusive unwanted obsessions
Common Traits
- Over-focus on work and productivity
- Difficulty delegating tasks
- Rigid thinking patterns
- High standards that are hard to meet
🌙 3. Oneirophrenia
Oneirophrenia is a rare dream-like mental state, often involving:
- Hallucinations
- Confusion between dreams and reality
- Altered perception of surroundings
Possible Causes
- Severe sleep deprivation
- Sensory deprivation
- Extreme stress or neurological disturbance
🧩 4. Onychophagia (Nail Biting Disorder)
Onychophagia refers to chronic nail biting, classified as a body-focused repetitive behaviour.
Key Features
- Repeated nail biting, often unconscious
- Occurs during stress, boredom, or anxiety
- Can damage nails, skin, and teeth
Related Issues
- Anxiety
- ADHD tendencies
- Habitual coping behaviours
💊 5. Opioid Use Disorder (Opioid Addiction)
Opioid Use Disorder is a chronic addiction condition involving dependence on opioid drugs.
Key Features
- Strong cravings
- Loss of control over use
- Continued use despite harm
Risks
- Overdose
- Respiratory failure
- Severe withdrawal symptoms
⚠️ 6. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
ODD is a behavioural disorder usually diagnosed in childhood.
Key Features
- Frequent anger and irritability
- Argumentative behaviour toward authority
- Refusal to follow rules
Behaviour Patterns
- Easily annoyed
- Blaming others for mistakes
- Deliberately annoying others
🥗 7. Orthorexia (Orthorexia Nervosa)
Orthorexia is an unhealthy obsession with “clean” or “perfect” eating.
Key Features
- Strict food rules
- Avoidance of “impure” foods
- Anxiety around eating “wrong” foods
Possible Consequences
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Social isolation
- Anxiety around meals and food choices
📌 Summary of Module
This module covers a wide range of O-related conditions:
- OCD → intrusive thoughts + compulsive behaviours
- OCPD → perfectionism and control-focused personality
- Oneirophrenia → dream-like altered mental state
- Onychophagia → chronic nail biting behaviour
- Opioid Use Disorder → addiction to opioid substances
- ODD → oppositional and defiant childhood behaviour
- Orthorexia → obsessive healthy eating patterns
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