Chapter D: Modules 33–36 (Combined Edition – 2026 Overview) Neurological, Mental Health, Skin, Metabolic & Blood Clot Conditions

 

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🧠 Module 33: Dementia

Dementia is a general term for a decline in brain function that affects memory, thinking, and daily living.

🧩 Symptoms

• Memory loss (especially recent events)
• Confusion about time or place
• Difficulty with familiar tasks
• Problems with language and communication
• Reduced judgement and decision-making

🧬 Types of Dementia

• Alzheimer’s disease (most common: 60–80%)
• Vascular dementia
• Lewy body dementia
• Frontotemporal dementia

💊 2026 Treatments

• Disease-modifying drugs (e.g. lecanemab, donanemab) for early Alzheimer’s
• Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine)
• Memantine for symptom management

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🧠 Module 34: Depression

Depression (major depressive disorder) is a serious mental health condition affecting mood, energy, and daily functioning.

📌 Symptoms

• Persistent sadness or low mood
• Loss of interest in activities
• Fatigue and low energy
• Sleep problems
• Changes in appetite
• Difficulty concentrating
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Suicidal thoughts (in severe cases)

💊 2026 Treatments

• Antidepressants
• Esketamine nasal spray (treatment-resistant depression)
• Dextromethorphan-bupropion (new oral therapy)
• Advanced TMS (brain stimulation therapy)
• Talking therapies (CBT and others)

🧠 Key Idea

New treatments in 2026 are focusing on faster symptom relief and treatment-resistant depression.

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🧴 Module 35: Dermatitis

Dermatitis is a group of conditions that cause skin inflammation, itching, and irritation.

🔍 Types

• Atopic dermatitis (eczema): chronic, itchy skin condition
• Contact dermatitis: reaction to irritants or allergens
• Seborrheic dermatitis: flaky skin, often on scalp (dandruff)

📌 Symptoms

• Red, itchy rash
• Dry or scaly skin
• Flare-ups triggered by irritants or stress

💊 Treatment

• Moisturisers (emollients)
• Steroid creams
• Antihistamines
• Phototherapy (in severe cases)
• Biologic treatments for chronic cases

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🍬 Module 36: Diabetes & Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

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🍬 Diabetes (Type 1 & Type 2)

Diabetes is a condition where the body cannot properly control blood sugar levels.

🧬 Type 1 Diabetes

• Autoimmune condition
• Body produces no insulin
• Requires lifelong insulin therapy

🍽️ Type 2 Diabetes

• Insulin resistance
• Often linked to lifestyle and genetics
• Can progress over time

💊 Management

• Blood glucose monitoring
• Healthy diet and exercise
• Oral medications (e.g. metformin)
• Insulin (in some cases)
• Newer weight-loss/diabetes medications in 2026

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🩸 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

DVT is a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg.

⚠️ Symptoms

• Swelling in one leg
• Pain or tenderness
• Warm skin
• Red or discoloured area

🚨 Danger

• Can lead to pulmonary embolism (PE)
• PE is life-threatening if the clot travels to the lungs

💊 Treatment

• Blood thinners (anticoagulants)
• Compression stockings
• Clot-busting medication (severe cases)
• Movement and prevention strategies

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📊 Summary Table (Modules 33–36)

Module	Condition	Main System
33	Dementia	Brain / neurological
34	Depression	Mental health
35	Dermatitis	Skin
36	Diabetes & DVT	Metabolic + circulatory