Abuse is when someone is treated badly, harmed, or controlled by another person. It can happen to anyone, including children, adults, and older people.
Types of abuse
- Physical abuse (hitting, shaking, harming)
- Emotional/psychological abuse (threats, humiliation, control)
- Sexual abuse (any unwanted sexual activity)
- Financial abuse (controlling money or stealing)
- Neglect (not providing care or needs)
Key points
- Abuse can happen at home, school, workplace, or online
- It often involves power and control
- Victims may feel fear, shame, or confusion
Support
- Talk to trusted adults or professionals
- Safeguarding services and charities can help
- Reporting abuse can protect others
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 2: Addiction
Addiction is when a person cannot stop using a substance or engaging in a behaviour, even when it causes harm.
Types
- Substance addiction (alcohol, drugs, nicotine)
- Behavioural addiction (gambling, gaming, shopping)
Key features
- Loss of control
- Cravings
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Continued use despite harm
Causes
- Brain reward system changes
- Stress, trauma, genetics, environment
Treatment
- Therapy (CBT)
- Support groups
- Medication (in some cases)
- Rehabilitation programmes
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 3: ADHD
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting attention, impulse control, and activity levels.
Types
- Inattentive type
- Hyperactive-impulsive type
- Combined type
Symptoms
- Difficulty focusing
- Forgetfulness
- Restlessness
- Impulsivity
- Interrupting others
Causes
- Genetic factors
- Brain chemistry differences (dopamine)
- Developmental influences
Treatment
- Medication (stimulants/non-stimulants)
- Behaviour therapy
- Routine and structure
- Lifestyle support
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 4: Anger
Anger is a natural emotion that becomes a problem when it is intense, frequent, or harmful.
Types of anger
- Passive-aggressive
- Aggressive
- Assertive (healthy expression)
Triggers
- Stress
- Feeling unfairly treated
- Trauma
- Frustration
When it becomes a problem
- Damages relationships
- Causes aggression
- Affects health (blood pressure, stress)
Management
- Breathing techniques
- Time-outs
- Therapy (CBT)
- Communication skills
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 6: Alcohol Problems
Alcohol problems occur when drinking begins to affect health, behaviour, or daily life.
Key ideas
- Not everyone who drinks heavily has addiction, but risk increases over time
- Stigma can prevent people seeking help
- People may use alcohol to cope with stress
Defence behaviours
- Denial (“I’m fine”)
- Rationalisation (“I had a hard day”)
- Minimisation
- Blaming others
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
- Loss of control
- Withdrawal symptoms
- Continued use despite harm
Support
- Therapy
- Detox services
- Support groups (e.g., AA)
- Medical treatment
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 7: Anxiety
Anxiety is a natural response to stress but becomes a disorder when it is persistent and overwhelming.
Types
- Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Social anxiety
- Panic disorder
- Phobias
Symptoms
- Racing heart
- Sweating
- Worry
- Restlessness
- Trouble concentrating
Causes
- Genetics
- Trauma
- Brain chemistry
Treatment
- CBT therapy
- Medication
- Relaxation techniques
- Lifestyle changes
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 8: Arthritis
Arthritis is inflammation of joints causing pain, stiffness, and reduced movement.
Types
- Osteoarthritis (wear and tear)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune)
- Gout (uric acid build-up)
Symptoms
- Joint pain
- Swelling
- Stiffness
- Reduced mobility
Treatment
- Pain relief medication
- Physical therapy
- Lifestyle changes
- Surgery (in severe cases)
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 9: Asthma
Asthma is a long-term condition affecting the airways in the lungs.
Symptoms
- Wheezing
- Coughing
- Chest tightness
- Shortness of breath
Triggers
- Allergens
- Exercise
- Cold air
- Smoke
Treatment
- Preventer inhalers
- Reliever inhalers
- Avoiding triggers
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 10: Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
APD affects how the brain processes sound.
Symptoms
- Difficulty understanding speech in noise
- Trouble following instructions
- Poor listening skills
Causes
- Ear infections
- Brain development differences
- Head injury
Support
- Speech therapy
- Classroom adjustments
- Auditory training
🧠 Chapter A1 – Module 11: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
ASD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication and behaviour.
Characteristics
- Social communication differences
- Sensory sensitivities
- Repetitive behaviours
- Strong routines
Spectrum
- Support needs vary widely
- Some live independently, others need full-time support
Strengths (important)
- Strong focus
- Attention to detail
- Deep interests
Support
- Education plans
- Therapy
- Sensory adjustments
🧠 Chapter B2 – Module 12: Back Problems
Back problems involve pain or injury affecting the spine and surrounding muscles.
Causes
- Muscle strain
- Herniated discs
- Arthritis
- Poor posture
Symptoms
- Pain or stiffness
- Nerve pain (sciatica)
- Reduced movement
Treatment
- Exercise
- Physiotherapy
- Pain relief
- Heat/ice therapy
🧠 Chapter B2 – Module 13: Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder causes extreme mood changes between mania and depression.
Types
- Bipolar I
- Bipolar II
- Cyclothymia
Symptoms
- High energy (mania)
- Low mood (depression)
- Impulsivity
- Sleep changes
Treatment
- Mood stabilisers
- Therapy
- Long-term support
🧠 Chapter B2 – Module 14: Bladder Problems
Bladder problems affect urination and control.
Symptoms
- Frequent urination
- Urgency
- Leakage
- Pain when urinating
Causes
- UTIs
- Overactive bladder
- Nerve damage
- Pelvic floor weakness
Treatment
- Pelvic exercises
- Medication
- Lifestyle changes
🧠 Chapter B2 – Module 15: Bleeding Problems
Bleeding disorders affect the blood’s ability to clot.
Causes
- Genetic (haemophilia, VWD)
- Liver disease
- Medication (blood thinners)
Symptoms
- Easy bruising
- Nosebleeds
- Heavy periods
- Prolonged bleeding
Treatment
- Blood tests
- Specialist care (haematology)
- Medication or factor replacement
🧠 Chapter B2 – Module 16: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
A TBI is brain damage caused by an external force.
Causes
- Falls
- Road accidents
- Sports injuries
- Violence
Symptoms
- Headache
- Confusion
- Memory loss
- Mood changes
Treatment
- Emergency care
- Surgery (if needed)
- Rehabilitation therapy
🧠 Chapter C3 – Module 17: Cancer
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth caused by genetic changes.
Types
- Carcinoma
- Sarcoma
- Blood cancers (leukaemia, lymphoma)
Symptoms
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Lumps
- Persistent illness signs
Treatment
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiotherapy
- Immunotherapy
Prevention
- Avoid smoking
- Healthy diet
- Sun protection
- Early screening
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