🧩 11. LINKS TO OTHER CONDITIONS
Dyspraxia and apraxia may occur alongside:
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- ADHD
- Learning disabilities
👉 These are all neurodevelopmental differences.
🧠 12. TEACHING & LEARNING STRATEGIES
✅ Multisensory Learning
Use:
- 👂 Hear
- 👀 See
- ✋ Do
Examples:
- Clapping syllables
- Tapping sounds
- Visual cues
📚 Teaching Support
- Repeat instructions
- Break into steps
- Slow down speech
- Model tasks clearly
- Use visual supports
❌ Avoid
- Rushing
- Overloading information
- Expecting guessing
- Too much verbal instruction
🧠 13. DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT
Dynamic assessment looks at:
- How someone learns
- How they respond to support
Examples:
- Repeating words
- Sound sequencing
- Non-word repetition
👉 This shows learning potential, not just current ability.
🧪 14. KEY ASSESSMENT AREAS
- Speech patterns
- Coordination
- Sound sequencing
- Ability to improve with support
💚 15. DYSPRAXIA – KEY MESSAGE
Dyspraxia is a difference in coordination and planning.
👉 It is NOT about intelligence
👉 It is about how the brain processes movement
💚 With support, people can succeed.
🧠 16. APRAXIA – KEY MESSAGE
Apraxia is a motor planning disorder.
- The brain knows what to do
- But struggles to send the correct movement signals
💚 Therapy and practice can improve skills.
🧾 17. KEY TAKEAWAYS
- Dyspraxia = coordination + movement planning
- Apraxia = motor planning (speech or actions)
- Speech may be affected
- Strengths are important
- Support improves outcomes
🤝 18. REFLECTION QUESTIONS
- What is dyspraxia?
- What is apraxia?
- Name one sign
- Name one support strategy
- Why is patience important?
🎓 19. TEACHING ACTIVITIES
🧩 Speech Sequence Game
- Say a word slowly
- Clap syllables
- Repeat
🤝 Role Play
- Practice speaking clearly
- Practice listening
- Practice supporting others
🧠 20. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE INSIGHT
Behaviour may reflect:
- Frustration
- Difficulty
- Unmet needs
👉 Behaviour is communication.
BUT:
❗ This does NOT excuse unsafe behaviour
✔ Correct response:
- Understand
- Support
- Maintain safety
- Respect dignity
🌟 21. FINAL KEY MESSAGES
💚 Dyspraxia and apraxia affect motor planning
💚 They do not affect intelligence
💚 People can improve with support
💚 Behaviour is communication
💚 Safety and respect are essential
✍️ CHAPTER 10 – DYSGRAPHIA (MODULE 9)
🧠 1. WHAT IS DYSGRAPHIA?
Dysgraphia is a learning difficulty that affects:
- ✍️ Handwriting
- 📝 Written expression
- 🧠 Organising ideas on paper
👉 It is NOT linked to intelligence.
People with dysgraphia may:
- Read and understand well
- Think clearly and creatively
- Struggle specifically with writing
🧠 2. KEY CHALLENGES
✍️ Handwriting
- Messy writing
- Uneven spacing
- Difficulty staying on lines
🧠 Organising Ideas
- Hard to structure writing
- Ideas come faster than writing ability
🧩 Planning & Sequencing
- Difficulty planning essays
- Trouble with step-by-step writing
✋ Motor Skills
- Poor pen grip
- Hand fatigue
- Slow writing speed
⏳ Speed & Automaticity
- Slow letter formation
- Takes longer to complete tasks
🚫 Emotional Impact
- Avoiding writing tasks
- Frustration
- Low confidence
📉 3. IMPACT ON DAILY LIFE
- Slower school or work tasks
- Difficulty completing written work
- Stress around exams
- Misunderstood ability
🧠 4. WHY DYSGRAPHIA HAPPENS
Dysgraphia is linked to differences in brain development affecting:
- Motor planning for writing
- Fine motor control
- Language-to-writing conversion
- Working memory for writing tasks
👉 It is neurodevelopmental, not caused by teaching or effort.
💡 5. KEY MESSAGE
Dysgraphia is a brain-based writing difference.
👉 It affects writing, not intelligence
👉 People can succeed with the right support
🧩 EASY READ VERSION – DYSGRAPHIA
🧠 What is Dysgraphia?
Dysgraphia is a learning difference.
It affects:
- Writing ✍️
- Spelling
- Organising ideas
❗ Important
- It is not anyone’s fault
- It is not about intelligence
- It lasts a lifetime
✍️ People may:
- Write slowly
- Have messy handwriting
- Find writing tiring
- Struggle to organise ideas
💚 Support helps:
- Extra time
- Writing tools
- Clear instructions
- Breaking tasks into steps
🌟 Key Message
People with dysgraphia can learn and succeed with support.
📊 TABLE SUMMARY – DYSGRAPHIA
| Feature | Information |
|---|---|
| Condition | Dysgraphia |
| Type | Learning difficulty |
| Affects | Writing and expression |
| Intelligence | Not affected |
| Causes | Brain-based development differences |
| Signs | Slow, messy writing |
| Support | Tools, teaching strategies |
| Cure | No |
| Outcome | Improved with support |
🎯 FINAL SUMMARY (ALL CONDITIONS)
Across dyspraxia, apraxia, and dysgraphia:
💚 They are brain-based differences
💚 They affect coordination, speech, or writing
💚 They are NOT linked to intelligence
💚 Support improves independence
💚 Strengths must always be recognised
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