🧠 Birth Defects (WHO Summary)

 

🧩 What are birth defects?

Birth defects are conditions that happen while a baby is developing in the womb (before birth).

They can affect:

• The body structure (how parts of the body form)
• How the body works (function)
• Or both

They may be:

• Mild (small impact)
• Severe (life-changing or life-limiting)

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👶 When do they happen?

Most birth defects happen:

• During early pregnancy
• Especially in the first 3 months, when organs are forming

But some can also develop later in pregnancy or be found after birth.

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🌍 How common are they?

• Around 240,000 newborns die each year worldwide due to congenital disorders
• They also cause many cases of long-term disability
• The majority of serious cases happen in low- and middle-income countries

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🧬 What causes birth defects?

There is no single cause for most birth defects.

They can be linked to:

• Genetic changes (inherited or random)
• Infections during pregnancy
• Poor nutrition (like lack of folic acid or iodine)
• Alcohol, smoking, or harmful drugs
• Certain medical conditions (like diabetes)
• Environmental exposures (chemicals, radiation)

👉 Often, the exact cause is unknown or a mix of factors

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🧪 Examples of birth defects

Some common types include:

• Heart defects
• Neural tube defects (brain and spine)
• Down syndrome
• Cleft lip and palate
• Limb differences

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🛡️ Can birth defects be prevented?

Some can be prevented or reduced by:

• Good nutrition before and during pregnancy
• Taking folic acid supplements
• Avoiding alcohol and smoking
• Vaccinations (like rubella protection)
• Good healthcare before pregnancy

Not all birth defects can be prevented.

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🏥 Treatment and support

Children with birth defects may need:

• Medical care
• Surgery
• Therapy (speech, physio, occupational therapy)
• Long-term support for learning and development

Early support improves outcomes and quality of life.

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💡 Key message

Birth defects are common and complex, and they are not caused by one single thing.

Many people with birth defects:

• Live full lives
• Benefit from early support and healthcare
• Can develop skills, independence, and strengths