Our bodies are made of building blocks called
cells, which produce chromosomes. this tells how our body works. try to think
of each chromosome as a book and each book has a different genre in a sentence.
genres are long sentences; they come from the alphabet that has only four
letters.
our genetics is the scientific study of genes,
heredity, and genetic variation, explaining how
traits like eye color, disease susceptibility, and physical characteristics are
passed from parents to offspring through DNA, influencing everything from
basic biology to evolution, leading to fields like molecular, population,
and epigenetics to understand how genes function
and interact with the environment. help
us to find a lot of things about ourselves, such as colors, eyes, who we look
like in our families etc.
genre: a broad category of creative work
(literature, film, music, etc.) defined by general shared characteristics,
conventions, and styles.
subgenre: a more specific, subordinate
category within a genre that has its own unique set of conventions and
expectations.
genre-blending (hybrid genres): the
combination of elements from different genres to create a new, distinct
variant.
1. the basics (simple science first)
our bodies are made of cells.
inside most cells is a nucleus.
inside the nucleus are chromosomes.
chromosomes are made of dna.
dna contains genes.
genes give instructions that help decide things
like:
eye colour
hair colour
height
some health conditions
family similarities
👉 important correction:
cells do not produce chromosomes.
cells contain chromosomes.
2. dna and the “four-letter alphabet”
dna is written using only four letters:
a (adenine)
t (thymine)
c (cytosine)
g (guanine)
these four letters are arranged in very long
sequences, a bit like words made from just four letters.
3. your book analogy (made clearer)
your analogy is good — it just needs tightening
so it matches biology properly.
think of it like this:
the body = a whole library
each cell = one library branch
chromosomes = books in the library
genes = chapters in each book
dna letters (a, t, c, g) = the alphabet used
to write the chapters
4. genre and subgenre – linked to chromosomes and
genes
here’s how your genre idea fits
perfectly:
chromosomes = genres
each chromosome is like a book of a certain
genre
for example:
one chromosome might focus more on growth
another on brain development
another on immune system instructions
genes = subgenres
inside each chromosome (genre) are genes
(subgenres)
each gene has a specific job
eye color
blood type
how cells repair themselves
5. genetics (what it actually means)
genetics is the science that studies:
genes
dna
chromosomes
how traits are passed from parents to children
why people in families can look alike but still
be different
genetics helps us understand:
physical traits (eye color, hair type)
health conditions
why conditions can run in families
how genes interact with the environment (this is
where epigenetics comes in)
6. your definitions (simplified and clarified)
genre (simple)
a genre is a broad group that shares
common features.
subgenre (simple)
subgenre is a smaller, more specific group
within a genre.
applied to genetics:
chromosome = genre
gene = subgenre
7. one-sentence easy read summary
our bodies are made of cells. inside cells are
chromosomes. chromosomes are made of dna, written using only four letters.
genes are small sections of dna that give instructions about how our bodies
grow, look, and work, and genetics is the science that studies how these
instructions are passed through families.
🧬🧬 genetic & chromosomal syndromes
full module – introduction
📘 a note about the quizzes (important)
the quizzes in this book are optional.
they are included for people who:
want to study or revise
are learning about their own condition
want to understand a condition someone they
know may have
need quizzes for education, training, or
coursework
💛 not everyone needs to complete the quizzes.
you do not have to do the quizzes
unless:
you want to
you find them helpful
you need them for learning or study
💛 there are no time limits.
💛 you may:
skip quizzes
come back to them later
answer in your own way (written, spoken, typed,
or with support)
the purpose of the quizzes is to support
learning and understanding,
not to test, pressure, or judge anyone.
💬 short version (easy read / box option)
the quizzes are there to help people who want or
need them.
you do not have to do the quizzes unless you choose to.
🧬 introduction: what are genetic & chromosomal
syndromes?
some conditions happen because of changes in
our genes or chromosomes.
these changes usually happen before birth.
they are nobody’s fault.
people with genetic or chromosomal syndromes can
have:
different strengths
different support needs
different life experiences
everyone is unique.
🧠 what are genes?
genes are instructions inside our bodies
they tell our bodies how to:
grow
develop
work
we get our genes from our parents
genes help decide things like:
eye colour
hair colour
height
some health and learning differences
🧩 what are chromosomes?
chromosomes are packages that carry genes
they are found inside our cells
most people have 46 chromosomes
this is 23 pairs
👉 in each pair:
one chromosome comes from the mother
one chromosome comes from the father
📚 an easy way to think about it
chromosomes are like books
genes are like chapters
dna is written using only four
letters (a, t, c, g)
even with just four letters, the instructions can
be very long and detailed.
🧬 what is a genetic syndrome?
a genetic syndrome happens when there
is a change in one specific gene.
this change may:
stop the gene working properly
cause too much or too little of something in the
body
example:
angelman syndrome
caused by a change in the ube3a gene
found on chromosome 15
🧬 what is a chromosomal syndrome?
a chromosomal syndrome happens when
there is a change in the chromosomes themselves.
this can mean:
an extra chromosome
a missing chromosome
a chromosome that is shaped differently
example:
down syndrome
caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
this is called trisomy 21
💛 important things to remember
these conditions are not caused by
anything parents did or did not do
they usually happen before birth
everyone with a genetic or chromosomal syndrome
is different
the right support, understanding, and
acceptance can make a big difference
✍️ study & understanding questions
(optional – complete if useful for you)
1. what
is a gene?
2. what
is a chromosome?
3. how
many chromosomes do most people have?
4. what
is a genetic syndrome?
5. what
is a chromosomal syndrome?
6. name one
example of a genetic syndrome.
7. name one
example of a chromosomal syndrome.
8. can
parents cause genetic or chromosomal syndromes?
☐ yes ☐ no
explain your answer if you can:
9. why
is it important to remember that everyone is different?
💬 learning reminder
these questions are here to help learning.
you do not have to answer them unless you want or need to.
Learning Disabilities and Syndromes Module – Standard Learning Version
Introduction
Key Concepts
1. Basics
2. DNA and the Four-Letter Alphabet
3. Book Analogy
4. Genre and Subgenre Analogy
5. Genetics Explained
6. Definitions
7. Easy Read Summary
Genetic & Chromosomal Syndromes
Genes
Chromosomes
Genetic Syndromes
Chromosomal Syndromes
Key Points
Optional Study Questions
Easy Read Version
Cells, DNA, and Genes
Chromosome & Gene Analogy
Syndromes
PowerPoint Slides
Title Slide
Slide 1 – Cells
Slide 2 – DNA
Slide 3 – Genes
Slide 4 – Book Analogy
Slide 5 – Syndromes
Slide 6 – Key Points
Quiz Version
Learning Disabilities and Syndromes Quiz
Trainer / Teaching Notes
Leaflet / Handout Version
✅ Optional Study Questions
learning differences can arise from many causes. two commonly discussed
categories are learning disabilities (lds) and syndromes. while they are
related, they are not the same. understanding their differences and
similarities helps educators, parents, and learners better support individual
needs.
what are learning disabilities?
learning disabilities (lds), also called specific learning disabilities
(slds), are neurological conditions that affect how the brain processes
information. they impact specific academic skills and occur in individuals with
average or above-average intelligence.
common learning disabilities include:
dyslexia – difficulty with reading, decoding, spelling, and reading fluency
dysgraphia – difficulty with writing, handwriting, spelling, and organizing
ideas
dyscalculia – difficulty understanding numbers, math facts, and
calculations
dyspraxia (developmental coordination disorder) – difficulty with motor
planning and coordination
what is tourette syndrome (ts)?
tourette syndrome (ts) is a neurological
condition that affects the brain and nervous system. it causes people to make
involuntary movements and sounds, known as tics. these tics can include
blinking, grimacing, jerking the head or shoulders, shrugging, and other
physical movements. vocal tics might involve throat clearing, grunting,
repeating words, or changes in tone of voice. while many people may
occasionally do some of these actions, individuals with ts cannot control
them—they are a core part of the condition.
types of tics:
motor tics: these involve body movements, such as
blinking, head jerking, or facial grimacing.
vocal tics: these include sounds like sniffing,
throat clearing, or words.
simple tics: quick and sudden movements or
sounds.
complex tics: coordinated patterns of movement or
speech that may seem purposeful (e.g., jumping or repeating phrases).
the exact cause of ts is not fully understood,
but it’s believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors
that affect the brain's neurotransmitters, especially dopamine.
ts often appears between ages 5 and 10, and while
symptoms can change over time, many people see improvements during late
adolescence or adulthood.
ts and related conditions
many people with ts also have other conditions,
including:
adhd (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
ocd (obsessive-compulsive disorder)
autism spectrum disorder
anxiety and depression
sleep difficulties
sensitivity to changes in routine, which can
cause stress or distress
it's important to note that not everyone with
adhd or autism has ts, and vice versa, though some symptoms may overlap.
treatment and support
there is no cure for tourette syndrome, but a
variety of treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life:
medication: certain medications can reduce tics
or treat co-occurring issues like anxiety, adhd, or ocd.
behavioral therapy: comprehensive behavioral
intervention for tics (cbit) helps individuals learn strategies to manage tics
and triggers.
psychological support: counseling or therapy can
help with emotional well-being, especially if ts affects self-esteem or causes
anxiety.
school and workplace support: understanding
accommodations can make a big difference, like allowing extra time for
what is tourette syndrome (ts)? – a kid-friendly
guide
tourette syndrome (ts) is a condition that
affects how the brain works. it can make a person do or say things they
can’t control—these are called tics.
🤷♂️ what are tics?
tics are sudden movements or
sounds that happen again and again. you might not even notice them at
first.
there are two kinds:
motor tics: these are movements, like blinking,
head jerking, shrugging, or making faces.
vocal tics: these are sounds or words, like
throat clearing, sniffing, or repeating something someone said.
sometimes people have simple tics (like
a blink or a sniff), and sometimes they have more complex tics (like
jumping or repeating phrases).
💡 remember: people with ts don’t do this on
purpose—their body and brain are doing it automatically.
🧠 why does ts happen?
doctors don’t know exactly why tourette syndrome
happens, but they believe it has to do with the way certain chemicals in the
brain work. it often starts in childhood, usually between ages 5 and
10.
some kids with ts might also have:
adhd (which makes it hard to focus or sit
still),
anxiety or worry,
trouble sleeping,
or may feel stressed when routines change.
but not everyone with ts has these problems—and
not everyone with adhd or autism has ts either.
❤️ can it be treated?
yes! there’s no cure yet, but there are ways to
make life easier:
medicines can help if tics are very strong
or if there’s anxiety or trouble focusing.
therapy can teach helpful tricks to manage
tics and deal with stress.
talking to a counselor can help if someone
feels frustrated, sad, or worried.
schools and teachers can also help by being
patient and kind, giving breaks, and making a calm space when needed.
💪 what are people with ts good at?
everyone with ts is different, but many are:
🎨 creative (great at art, music, writing, or
making cool things),
🗣️ great at talking and explaining ideas,
🧠 super-focused when something really interests
them,
🤝 caring and kind, because they understand what it’s
like to be different.
👏 final thought
having tourette syndrome might feel tough
sometimes, but it’s just one part of who someone is. people with ts can do
amazing things—and with support from family, friends, and teachers, they can
shine bright.
🔍 what are tics?
motor tics involve physical movement (e.g.,
blinking, head jerking, grimacing).
vocal tics involve sounds (e.g., sniffing, throat
clearing, repeating words).
tics may be simple or complex and can change over time or get worse with
stress, excitement, or fatigue.
🧠 causes and co-occurring conditions
the exact cause is unknown, but ts is linked to
brain chemicals like dopamine. it often runs in families and may co-occur with:
adhd
anxiety
autism spectrum disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd)
sleep issues or sensitivity to change
not every child with adhd or autism has ts, but
symptoms can overlap.
💡 treatment and support
ts can’t be cured, but treatment helps:
medications can reduce tic severity.
- CBIT
(Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics) teaches tic-awareness and
control techniques.
- Counseling
or therapy supports emotional well-being.
- Parent
support groups and school-based accommodations can help children thrive.
🌈 Strengths
of Children with TS
Many children with TS show:
- High
levels of creativity
- Strong
verbal or memory skills
- Empathy and
emotional intelligence
- Ability
to hyper-focus on specific interests
With understanding and consistent support,
children with TS can flourish socially, academically, and emotionally.
Learning Difficulties: special needs.
- Tourette
Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition that affects the brain and
nervous system. It causes people to make involuntary movements and sounds,
known as tics. These tics can include blinking, grimacing, jerking the
head or shoulders, shrugging, and other physical movements. Vocal tics
might involve throat clearing, grunting, repeating words, or changes in
tone of voice. While many people may occasionally do some of these
actions, individuals with TS cannot control them—they are a core part of the
condition.
- Types of Tics:
- Motor tics:
These involve body movements, such as blinking, head jerking, or facial
grimacing.
- Vocal tics:
These include sounds like sniffing, throat clearing, or words.
- Simple tics:
Quick and sudden movements or sounds.
- Complex tics:
Coordinated patterns of movement or speech that may seem purposeful (e.g.,
jumping or repeating phrases).
- The exact cause
of TS is not fully understood, but it’s believed to involve a combination
of genetic and environmental factors that affect the brain's
neurotransmitters, especially dopamine.
- TS often appears
between ages 5 and 10, and while symptoms can change over time, many
people see improvements during late adolescence or adulthood.
- TS and Related
Conditions
- Many people with
TS also have other conditions, including:
- ADHD
(Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
- OCD
(Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)
- Autism Spectrum
Disorder
- Anxiety and
Depression
- Sleep
difficulties
- Sensitivity to
changes in routine, which can cause stress or distress
- It's important
to note that not everyone with ADHD or Autism has TS, and vice versa,
though some symptoms may overlap.
- ________________________________________
- Treatment and
Support
- There is no cure
for Tourette Syndrome, but a variety of treatments can help manage
symptoms and improve quality of life:
- Medication:
Certain medications can reduce tics or treat co-occurring issues like
anxiety, ADHD, or OCD.
- Behavioral
Therapy: Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) helps
individuals learn strategies to manage tics and triggers.
- Psychological
Support: Counseling or therapy can help with emotional well-being,
especially if TS affects self-esteem or causes anxiety.
- School and
Workplace Support: Understanding accommodations can make a big difference,
like allowing extra time for
- What Is Tourette
Syndrome (TS)? – A Kid-Friendly Guide
- Tourette
Syndrome (TS) is a condition that affects how the brain works. It can make
a person do or say things they can’t control—these are called tics.
- 🤷♂️ What Are Tics?
- Tics are sudden
movements or sounds that happen again and again. You might not even notice
them at first.
- There are two
kinds:
- Motor tics:
These are movements, like blinking, head jerking, shrugging, or making
faces.
- Vocal tics:
These are sounds or words, like throat clearing, sniffing, or repeating
something someone said.
- Sometimes people
have simple tics (like a blink or a sniff), and sometimes they have more
complex tics (like jumping or repeating phrases).
- 💡 Remember:
People with TS don’t do this on purpose—their body and brain are doing it
automatically.
- ________________________________________
- 🧠 Why Does TS
Happen?
- Doctors don’t
know exactly why Tourette Syndrome happens, but they believe it has to do
with the way certain chemicals in the brain work. It often starts in
childhood, usually between ages 5 and 10.
- Some kids with
TS might also have:
- ADHD (which
makes it hard to focus or sit still),
- Anxiety or
worry,
- Trouble
sleeping,
- Or may feel
stressed when routines change.
- But not everyone
with TS has these problems—and not everyone with ADHD or Autism has TS
either.
- ________________________________________
- ❤️ Can It Be
Treated?
- Yes! There’s no
cure yet, but there are ways to make life easier:
- Medicines can
help if tics are very strong or if there’s anxiety or trouble focusing.
- Therapy can
teach helpful tricks to manage tics and deal with stress.
- Talking to a
counselor can help if someone feels frustrated, sad, or worried.
- Schools and
teachers can also help by being patient and kind, giving breaks, and
making a calm space when needed.
- ________________________________________
- 💪 What Are People
with TS Good At?
- Everyone with TS
is different, but many are:
- 🎨 Creative (great
at art, music, writing, or making cool things),
- 🗣️ Great at
talking and explaining ideas,
- 🧠 Super-focused
when something really interests them,
- 🤝 Caring and
kind, because they understand what it’s like to be different.
- ________________________________________
- 👏 Final Thought
- Having Tourette
Syndrome might feel tough sometimes, but it’s just one part of who someone
is. People with TS can do amazing things—and with support from family,
friends, and teachers, they can shine bright.
- 🔍 What Are Tics?
- Motor tics
involve physical movement (e.g., blinking, head jerking, grimacing).
- Vocal tics
involve sounds (e.g., sniffing, throat clearing, repeating words).
- Tics may be
simple or complex and can change over time or get worse with stress,
excitement, or fatigue.
- 🧠 Causes and
Co-occurring Conditions
- The exact cause
is unknown, but TS is linked to brain chemicals like dopamine. It often
runs in families and may co-occur with:
- ADHD
- Anxiety
- Autism Spectrum
Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
- Sleep issues or
sensitivity to change
- Not every child
with ADHD or Autism has TS, but symptoms can overlap.
- 💡 Treatment and
Support
- TS can’t be
cured, but treatment helps:
- Medications can
reduce tic severity.
- CBIT
(Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics) teaches tic-awareness and
control techniques.
- Counseling or
therapy supports emotional well-being.
- Parent support
groups and school-based accommodations can help children thrive.
- 🌈 Strengths of
Children with TS
- Many children
with TS show:
- High levels of
creativity
- Strong verbal or
memory skills
- Empathy and
emotional intelligence
- Ability to
hyper-focus on specific interests
- With
understanding and consistent support, children with TS can flourish
socially, academically, and emotionally.
- Learning
Difficulties: special needs.
-
- Tourette
Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition that affects the brain and
nervous system. It causes people to make involuntary movements and sounds,
known as tics. These tics can include blinking, grimacing, jerking the
head or shoulders, shrugging, and other physical movements. Vocal tics
might involve throat clearing, grunting, repeating words, or changes in
tone of voice. While many people may occasionally do some of these
actions, individuals with TS cannot control them—they are a core part of the
condition.
- Types of Tics:
- Motor tics:
These involve body movements, such as blinking, head jerking, or facial
grimacing.
- Vocal tics:
These include sounds like sniffing, throat clearing, or words.
- Simple tics:
Quick and sudden movements or sounds.
- Complex tics:
Coordinated patterns of movement or speech that may seem purposeful (e.g.,
jumping or repeating phrases).
- The exact cause
of TS is not fully understood, but it’s believed to involve a combination
of genetic and environmental factors that affect the brain's
neurotransmitters, especially dopamine.
- TS often appears
between ages 5 and 10, and while symptoms can change over time, many
people see improvements during late adolescence or adulthood.
- TS and Related
Conditions
- Many people with
TS also have other conditions, including:
- ADHD
(Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
- OCD
(Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)
- Autism Spectrum
Disorder
- Anxiety and
Depression
- Sleep
difficulties
- Sensitivity to
changes in routine, which can cause stress or distress
- It's important
to note that not everyone with ADHD or Autism has TS, and vice versa,
though some symptoms may overlap.
- ________________________________________
- Treatment and
Support
- There is no cure
for Tourette Syndrome, but a variety of treatments can help manage
symptoms and improve quality of life:
- Medication:
Certain medications can reduce tics or treat co-occurring issues like
anxiety, ADHD, or OCD.
- Behavioral
Therapy: Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) helps
individuals learn strategies to manage tics and triggers.
- Psychological
Support: Counseling or therapy can help with emotional well-being,
especially if TS affects self-esteem or causes anxiety.
- School and
Workplace Support: Understanding accommodations can make a big difference,
like allowing extra time for
- What Is Tourette
Syndrome (TS)? – A Kid-Friendly Guide
- Tourette
Syndrome (TS) is a condition that affects how the brain works. It can make
a person do or say things they can’t control—these are called tics.
- 🤷♂️ What Are Tics?
- Tics are sudden
movements or sounds that happen again and again. You might not even notice
them at first.
- There are two
kinds:
- Motor tics:
These are movements, like blinking, head jerking, shrugging, or making
faces.
- Vocal tics:
These are sounds or words, like throat clearing, sniffing, or repeating
something someone said.
- Sometimes people
have simple tics (like a blink or a sniff), and sometimes they have more
complex tics (like jumping or repeating phrases).
- 💡 Remember:
People with TS don’t do this on purpose—their body and brain are doing it
automatically.
- ________________________________________
- 🧠 Why Does TS
Happen?
- Doctors don’t
know exactly why Tourette Syndrome happens, but they believe it has to do
with the way certain chemicals in the brain work. It often starts in
childhood, usually between ages 5 and 10.
- Some kids with
TS might also have:
- ADHD (which
makes it hard to focus or sit still),
- Anxiety or
worry,
- Trouble
sleeping,
- Or may feel
stressed when routines change.
- But not everyone
with TS has these problems—and not everyone with ADHD or Autism has TS
either.
- Ability to
hyper-focus on specific interests
- With
understanding and consistent support, children with TS can flourish
socially, academically, and emotionally.
- Learning
Difficulties: special needs.
-
Module Overview
This module introduces learners to Tourette Syndrome
(TS) and Auditory Processing Disorder (APD), explains how they affect
individuals, and highlights strategies to support inclusion and understanding.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this module, learners will be able to:
Define Tourette Syndrome and Auditory Processing Disorder
Identify common characteristics and challenges
Understand myths and misconceptions
Recognize helpful support strategies
Demonstrate understanding through a short quiz
Section 1: Tourette Syndrome (TS)
What is Tourette Syndrome?
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition that usually
begins in childhood. It is characterized by tics, which
are involuntary movements or sounds.
Types of Tics
Motor tics – movements such as blinking, shoulder shrugging, or facial
movements
Vocal tics – sounds such as throat clearing, sniffing, or words
Tics can:
Change overtime
Increase with stress, anxiety, excitement, or tiredness
Be temporarily suppressed, but this can be uncomfortable
Important Facts About TS
TS is not caused by bad behaviors or poor parenting
Many people with TS are intelligent and capable
Swearing tics (coprolalia) are rare, despite common myths
TS often occurs alongside other conditions such as ADHD, OCD, or anxiety
How TS Can Affect Daily Life
People with TS may:
Feel embarrassed or misunderstood
Be distracted by their tics
Experience teasing or bullying
Become tired from trying to control tics
Section 2: Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
What is Auditory Processing Disorder?
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is a condition where the brain has
difficulty processing sounds, even though hearing ability is normal.
APD affects how sounds are understood, not how loud they are.
Common Difficulties in APD
People with APD may struggle with:
Understanding speech in noisy environments
Following spoken instructions
Remembering verbal information
Telling similar sounds apart
Concentrating when there is background noise
What APD Is NOT
It is not hearing loss
It is not laziness or lack of attention
It does not reflect intelligence
How APD Can Affect Learning
In classrooms or group settings, APD can cause:
Missed instructions
Slow responses
Frustration or anxiety
Fatigue from listening effort Helpful Strategies for APD
Give clear, short instructions
Provide written instructions as well as spoken
Reduce background noise
Allow extra time to process information
Inclusive Practice
Treat individuals with respect
Ask what support works best for them
Promote awareness and acceptance
Quiz: Tourette Syndrome & APD
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What causes Tourette Syndrome?
A. Poor behaviour
B. Neurological differences
C. Hearing loss
D. Lack of discipline
2. Which of the following is an example of a vocal tic?
A. Blinking
B. Shoulder shrugging
C. Throat clearing
D. Hand tapping
3. Auditory Processing Disorder affects:
A. The ears
B. The brain’s ability to process sound
C. Intelligence
D. Vision
4. True or False: Most people with Tourette Syndrome swear
uncontrollably.
5. Which strategy can help someone with APD?
A. Speaking faster
B. Removing written instructions
C. Reducing background noise
D. Ignoring difficulties
Short Answer Questions
6. Name one challenge someone with TS might face.
7. Name one way to support a person with APD.
2. 2 How
does ADP affect people?
3. 3. When
does APD start?
4. 4 What
conditions do APD link with?
5. 5 What
causes APD?
6. 6 What
treatment and support is there for people with APD?
7. 7 What
are the signs of APD?
1. What
is Auditory Processing Disorder?
Module Overview
This module introduces learners to Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Auditory
Processing Disorder (APD), explains how they affect individuals, and highlights
strategies to support inclusion and understanding.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this module, learners will be able to:
Define Tourette Syndrome and Auditory Processing Disorder
Identify common characteristics and challenges
Understand myths and misconceptions
Recognise helpful support strategies
Demonstrate understanding through a short quiz
________________________________________
Section 1: Tourette Syndrome (TS)
What is Tourette Syndrome?
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition that usually begins in
childhood. It is characterised by tics, which are involuntary movements or
sounds.
Types of Tics
Motor tics – movements such as blinking, shoulder shrugging, or facial
movements
Vocal tics – sounds such as throat clearing, sniffing, or words
Tics can:
Change over time
Increase with stress, anxiety, excitement, or tiredness
Be temporarily suppressed, but this can be uncomfortable
Important Facts About TS
TS is not caused by bad behaviour or poor parenting
Many people with TS are intelligent and capable
Swearing tics (coprolalia) are rare, despite common myths
TS often occurs alongside other conditions such as ADHD, OCD, or anxiety
How TS Can Affect Daily Life
People with TS may:
Feel embarrassed or misunderstood
Be distracted by their tics
Experience teasing or bullying
Become tired from trying to control tics
________________________________________
Section 2: Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
What is Auditory Processing Disorder?
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is a condition where the brain has
difficulty processing sounds, even though hearing ability is normal.
APD affects how sounds are understood, not how loud they are.
Common Difficulties in APD
People with APD may struggle with:
Understanding speech in noisy environments
Following spoken instructions
Remembering verbal information
Telling similar sounds apart
Concentrating when there is background noise
What APD Is NOT
It is not hearing loss
It is not laziness or lack of attention
It does not reflect intelligence
How APD Can Affect Learning
In classrooms or group settings, APD can cause:
Missed instructions
Slow responses
Frustration or anxiety
Fatigue from listening effort Helpful Strategies for APD
Give clear, short instructions
Provide written instructions as well as spoken
Reduce background noise
Allow extra time to process information
Inclusive Practice
Treat individuals with respect
Ask what support works best for them
Promote awareness and acceptance
________________________________________
Quiz: Tourette Syndrome & APD
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What causes Tourette Syndrome?
A. Poor behaviour
B. Neurological differences
C. Hearing loss
D. Lack of discipline
2. Which of the following is an example of a vocal tic?
A. Blinking
B. Shoulder shrugging
C. Throat clearing
D. Hand tapping
3. Auditory Processing Disorder affects:
A. The ears
B. The brain’s ability to process sound
C. Intelligence
D. Vision
4. True or False: Most people with Tourette Syndrome swear uncontrollably.
5. Which strategy can help someone with APD?
A. Speaking faster
B. Removing written instructions
C. Reducing background noise
D. Ignoring difficulties
________________________________________
Short Answer Questions
6. Name one challenge someone with TS might face.
7. Name one way to support a person with APD.
2. 2 How does ADP affect
people?
3. 3. When does APD start?
4. 4 What conditions do APD
link with?
5. 5 What causes APD?
6. 6 What treatment and
support is there for people with APD?
7. 7 What are the signs of
APD?
1. What is Auditory
Processing Disorder?
Module Overview
This module introduces learners to Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Auditory
Processing Disorder (APD), explains how they affect individuals, and highlights
strategies to support inclusion and understanding.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this module, learners will be able to:
Define Tourette Syndrome and Auditory Processing Disorder
Identify common characteristics and challenges
Understand myths and misconceptions
Recognise helpful support strategies
Demonstrate understanding through a short quiz
________________________________________
Section 1: Tourette Syndrome (TS)
What is Tourette Syndrome?
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition that usually begins in
childhood. It is characterised by tics, which are involuntary movements or
sounds.
Types of Tics
Motor tics – movements such as blinking, shoulder shrugging, or facial
movements
Vocal tics – sounds such as throat clearing, sniffing, or words
Tics can:
Change over time
Increase with stress, anxiety, excitement, or tiredness
Be temporarily suppressed, but this can be uncomfortable
Important Facts About TS
TS is not caused by bad behaviour or poor parenting
Many people with TS are intelligent and capable
Swearing tics (coprolalia) are rare, despite common myths
TS often occurs alongside other conditions such as ADHD, OCD, or anxiety
How TS Can Affect Daily Life
People with TS may:
Feel embarrassed or misunderstood
Be distracted by their tics
Experience teasing or bullying
Become tired from trying to control tics
________________________________________
Section 2: Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)
What is Auditory Processing Disorder?
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is a condition where the brain has
difficulty processing sounds, even though hearing ability is normal.
APD affects how sounds are understood, not how loud they are.
Common Difficulties in APD
People with APD may struggle with:
Understanding speech in noisy environments
Following spoken instructions
Remembering verbal information
Telling similar sounds apart
Concentrating when there is background noise
What APD Is NOT
It is not hearing loss
It is not laziness or lack of attention
It does not reflect intelligence
How APD Can Affect Learning
In classrooms or group settings, APD can cause:
Missed instructions
Slow responses
Frustration or anxiety
Fatigue from listening effortHelpful Strategies for APD
Give clear, short instructions
Provide written instructions as well as spoken
Reduce background noise
Allow extra time to process information
Inclusive Practice
Treat individuals with respect
Ask what support works best for them
Promote awareness and acceptance
________________________________________
Quiz: Tourette Syndrome & APD
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What causes Tourette Syndrome?
A. Poor behaviour
B. Neurological differences
C. Hearing loss
D. Lack of discipline
2. Which of the following is an example of a vocal tic?
A. Blinking
B. Shoulder shrugging
C. Throat clearing
D. Hand tapping
3. Auditory Processing Disorder affects:
A. The ears
B. The brain’s ability to process sound
C. Intelligence
D. Vision
4. True or False: Most people with Tourette Syndrome swear uncontrollably.
5. Which strategy can help someone with APD?
A. Speaking faster
B. Removing written instructions
C. Reducing background noise
D. Ignoring difficulties
________________________________________
Short Answer Questions
6. Name one challenge someone with TS might face.
7. Name one way to support a person with APD.
2. 2 How does ADP affect
people?
3. 3. When does APD start?
4. 4 What conditions do APD
link with?
5. 5 What causes APD?
6. 6 What treatment and
support is there for people with APD?
7. 7 What are the signs of
APD?
1. What is Auditory
Processing Disorder?
Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome (also called Trisomy 21) is a genetic condition that happens
when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
This extra chromosome affects the way the body and brain develop.
People with Down Syndrome may:
Have mild to moderate learning disabilities,
Reach milestones (like walking and talking) more slowly,
Have some distinct facial features (such as almond-shaped eyes and a flat
nose bridge),
Be more likely to have heart problems, hearing loss, or thyroid conditions,
Often have warm, caring personalities and strong social understanding.
Everyone with Down Syndrome is unique — their abilities and needs vary just
like anyone else’s.
With the right health care, education, early support, and inclusion, people
with Down Syndrome can lead happy, fulfilling lives, go to school and college,
work, and take part in their communities.
Support may include:
Speech and language therapy
Occupational therapy
Inclusive learning environments
Health checks and community support groups
🌈 Easy
Read Summary – Down Syndrome
💛 Down
Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
People are born with one extra chromosome.
This can make learning and talking take longer.
People may have some health needs.
Everyone is different and special.
With the right help, people with Down Syndrome can 💛 What Is
Down Syndrome?
Down Syndrome (also called Trisomy 21) is a genetic condition that happens
when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
This extra chromosome changes how the body and brain develop before birth.
It is one of the most common chromosomal differences, affecting around 1 in
every 700 babies.
🧬 What
Causes Down Syndrome?
Down Syndrome is not caused by anything the parents did or didn’t do.
It happens by chance when cells divide differently during early development.
There are three main types of Down Syndrome:
1. Trisomy
21 – the most common, where every cell has an extra chromosome 21.
2. Translocation
– part of chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome.
3. Mosaicism
– only some cells have the extra chromosome, often leading to milder effects.
🌼 Common
Features and Strengths
People with Down Syndrome may share some physical features, such as:
Almond-shaped eyes
A small nose and flat nasal bridge
A single crease across the palm of the hand
Shorter height and smaller hands and feet
However, every person is different — no two people with Down Syndrome are
the same.
Many have strong social and emotional awareness, a great sense of humour, and
enjoy learning and taking part in community life.
💬 Learning
and Development
Children with Down Syndrome usually have mild to moderate learning
disabilities.
They may:
Learn to sit, walk, or talk later than others
Need more time to learn new skills
Benefit from clear structure, repetition, and visual learning
Respond well to encouragement and positive communication
Many people go on to attend mainstream schools, colleges, and workplaces.
live happy, full lives.
💛 What
Is Down Syndrome?
Down Syndrome (also called Trisomy 21) is a genetic condition that happens
when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
This extra chromosome changes how the body and brain develop before birth.
It is one of the most common chromosomal differences, affecting around 1 in
every 700 babies.
🧬 What
Causes Down Syndrome?
Down Syndrome is not caused by anything the parents did or didn’t do.
It happens by chance when cells divide differently during early development.
There are three main types of Down Syndrome:
1. Trisomy
21 – the most common, where every cell has an extra chromosome 21.
2. Translocation
– part of chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome.
3. Mosaicism
– only some cells have the extra chromosome, often leading to milder effects.
🌼 Common
Features and Strengths
People with Down Syndrome may share some physical features, such as:
Almond-shaped eyes
A small nose and flat nasal bridge
A single crease across the palm of the hand
Shorter height and smaller hands and feet
However, every person is different — no two people with Down
Syndrome are the same.
Many have strong social and emotional awareness, a great sense of humour, and
enjoy learning and taking part in community life.
💬 Learning and Development
Children with Down Syndrome usually have mild to moderate learning
disabilities.
They may:
- Learn to sit,
walk, or talk later than others
- Need more time
to learn new skills
- Benefit from
clear structure, repetition, and visual learning
- Respond well to
encouragement and positive communication
Many people go on to attend mainstream schools, colleges, and
workplaces.
🩺 Health and Support Needs
Some people with Down Syndrome may have health conditions, such
as:
- Heart problems
(especially early in life)
- Hearing or
vision difficulties
- Thyroid issues
- Low muscle tone
(making movement slower)
Regular check-ups, early interventions, and therapies help manage
these challenges.
Support may include:
- Speech and
language therapy
- Physiotherapy
and occupational therapy
- Health
monitoring and medical care
- Educational
support and inclusion planning
🌈 Living with Down Syndrome
People with Down Syndrome live longer, healthier, and more
independent lives today than ever before.
With the right support, many:
- Study and work
- Live
independently or with minimal support
- Have strong
friendships and relationships
- Take part in
sports, art, volunteering, and advocacy
There are many organizations that offer help and information,
including:
- Down’s Syndrome
Association (UK) – www.downs-syndrome.org.uk
- National Down
Syndrome Society (US) – www.ndss.org
- Down Syndrome
(also called Trisomy 21) is a genetic condition that happens when a person
is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- This extra
chromosome affects the way the body and brain develop.
- People with Down
Syndrome may:
- Have mild to
moderate learning disabilities,
- Reach milestones
(like walking and talking) more slowly,
- Have some
distinct facial features (such as almond-shaped eyes and a flat nose
bridge),
- Be more likely
to have heart problems, hearing loss, or thyroid conditions,
- Often have warm,
caring personalities and strong social understanding.
- Everyone with
Down Syndrome is unique — their abilities and needs vary just like anyone
else’s.
- With the right
health care, education, early support, and inclusion, people with Down
Syndrome can lead happy, fulfilling lives, go to school and college, work,
and take part in their communities.
- Support may
include:
- Speech and
language therapy
- Occupational
therapy
- Inclusive
learning environments
- Health checks
and community support groups
- ________________________________________
- 🌈 Easy Read
Summary – Down Syndrome
- 💛 Down Syndrome
(Trisomy 21)
- People are born
with one extra chromosome.
- This can make
learning and talking take longer.
- People may have
some health needs.
- Everyone is
different and special.
- With the right
help, people with Down Syndrome can 💛 What Is Down
Syndrome?
- Down Syndrome
(also called Trisomy 21) is a genetic condition that happens when a person
is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- This extra
chromosome changes how the body and brain develop before birth.
- It is one of the
most common chromosomal differences, affecting around 1 in every 700
babies.
- ________________________________________
- 🧬 What Causes
Down Syndrome?
- Down Syndrome is
not caused by anything the parents did or didn’t do.
- It happens by
chance when cells divide differently during early development.
- There are three
main types of Down Syndrome:
- 1. Trisomy 21 – the most common,
where every cell has an extra chromosome 21.
- 2. Translocation – part of
chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome.
- 3. Mosaicism – only some cells
have the extra chromosome, often leading to milder effects.
- ________________________________________
- 🌼 Common Features
and Strengths
- People with Down
Syndrome may share some physical features, such as:
- Almond-shaped
eyes
- A small nose and
flat nasal bridge
- A single crease
across the palm of the hand
- Shorter height
and smaller hands and feet
- However, every
person is different — no two people with Down Syndrome are the same.
- Many have strong
social and emotional awareness, a great sense of humour, and enjoy
learning and taking part in community life.
- ________________________________________
- 💬 Learning and
Development
- Children with
Down Syndrome usually have mild to moderate learning disabilities.
- They may:
- Learn to sit,
walk, or talk later than others
- Need more time
to learn new skills
- Benefit from
clear structure, repetition, and visual learning
- Respond well to
encouragement and positive communication
- Many people go
on to attend mainstream schools, colleges, and workplaces.
- live happy, full
lives.
- 💛 What Is Down
Syndrome?
- Down Syndrome
(also called Trisomy 21) is a genetic condition that happens when a person
is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- This extra
chromosome changes how the body and brain develop before birth.
- It is one of the
most common chromosomal differences, affecting around 1 in every 700
babies.
- ________________________________________
- 🧬 What Causes
Down Syndrome?
- Down Syndrome is
not caused by anything the parents did or didn’t do.
- It happens by
chance when cells divide differently during early development.
- There are three
main types of Down Syndrome:
- 1. Trisomy 21 – the most common,
where every cell has an extra chromosome 21.
- 2. Translocation – part of
chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome.
- 3. Mosaicism – only some cells
have the extra chromosome, often leading to milder effects.
- ________________________________________
- 🌼 Common Features
and Strengths
- People with Down
Syndrome may share some physical features, such as:
- Almond-shaped
eyes
- A small nose and
flat nasal bridge
- A single crease
across the palm of the hand
- Shorter height
and smaller hands and feet
- However, every
person is different — no two people with Down Syndrome are the same.
- Many have strong
social and emotional awareness, a great sense of humour, and enjoy
learning and taking part in community life.
- ________________________________________
- 💬 Learning and
Development
- Children with
Down Syndrome usually have mild to moderate learning disabilities.
- They may:
- Learn to sit,
walk, or talk later than others
- Need more time
to learn new skills
- Benefit from
clear structure, repetition, and visual learning
- Respond well to
encouragement and positive communication
- Many people go
on to attend mainstream schools, colleges, and workplaces.
- ________________________________________
- 🩺 Health and
Support Needs
- Some people with
Down Syndrome may have health conditions, such as:
- Heart problems
(especially early in life)
- Hearing or
vision difficulties
- Thyroid issues
- Low muscle tone
(making movement slower)
- Regular
check-ups, early interventions, and therapies help manage these
challenges.
- Support may
include:
- Speech and
language therapy
- Physiotherapy
and occupational therapy
- Health
monitoring and medical care
- Educational
support and inclusion planning
- ________________________________________
- 🌈 Living with
Down Syndrome
- People with Down
Syndrome live longer, healthier, and more independent lives today than
ever before.
- With the right
support, many:
- Study and work
- Live
independently or with minimal support
- Have strong
friendships and relationships
- Take part in
sports, art, volunteering, and advocacy
- There are many
organisations that offer help and information, including:
- Down’s Syndrome
Association (UK) – www.downs-syndrome.org.uk
- National Down
Syndrome Society (US) – www.ndss.org
-
- m happening?
- Name one or two
common features people with Down Syndrome might have.
- Do all people
with Down Syndrome have the same abilities?
- What kind of
learning or communication support can help someone with Down Syndrome?
- What are some
health needs that might affect people with Down Syndrome?
- How can
families, teachers, and carers support people with Down Syndrome?
- What are some
things people with Down Syndrome can achieve in life
Please answer the questions in your own words.
There are no right or wrong answers — this quiz helps you learn and understand.
🌈
- What is Down
Syndrome?
- What causes Down
Syndrome?
- What does
“Trisomy 21” mean?
- Can anyone cause
or prevent Down Syndrome?
- blocks called
cells, which produce Chromosomes. This tells how our body works. Try to
think of each Chromosome as a book and each book has a different genre in
a sentence. Genres are long sentences; they come from the alphabet that
has only four letters. Our Genetics is the scientific study of genes,
heredity, and genetic variation, explaining how traits like eye color,
disease susceptibility, and physical characteristics are passed from
parents to offspring through DNA, influencing everything from basic biology
to evolution, leading to fields like molecular, population, and
epigenetics to understand how genes function and interact with the
environment. help us to find a lot
of things about ourselves, such as colors, eyes, who we look like in our
families etc.
-
-
- Genre: A broad
category of creative work (literature, film, music, etc.) defined by
general shared characteristics, conventions, and styles.
- Subgenre: A more
specific, subordinate category within a genre that has its own unique set
of conventions and expectations.
- Genre-blending
(Hybrid Genres): The combination of elements from different genres to
create a new, distinct variant.
-
- 1. The basics
(simple science first)
- Our bodies are
made of cells.
- Inside most
cells is a nucleus.
- Inside the
nucleus are chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are
made of DNA.
- DNA contains
genes.
- Genes give
instructions that help decide things like:
- Eye color
- Hair color
- Height
- Some health
conditions
- Family
similarities
- 👉 Important
correction:
- Cells do not
produce chromosomes.
- Cells contain
chromosomes.
- __ Our bodies
are made of building
- Another on
immune system instructions
- Genes =
subgenres
- Inside each
chromosome (genre) are genes (subgenres)
- Each gene has a
specific job
- Eye color
- Blood type
- How cells repair
themselves
- ________________________________________
- 5. Genetics
(what it actually means)
- Genetics is the
science that studies:
- Genes
- DNA
- Chromosomes
- How traits are
passed from parents to children
- Why people in
families can look alike but still be different
- Genetics helps
us understand:
- Physical traits
(eye color, hair type)
- Health
conditions
- Why conditions
can run in families
- How genes
interact with the environment (this is where epigenetics comes in)
- ________________________________________
- 6. Your
definitions (simplified and clarified)
- Genre (simple)
- A genre is a
broad group that shares common features.
- Subgenre
(simple)
- ______________________________________
- 2. DNA and the
“four-letter alphabet”
- DNA is written
using only four letters:
- A (Adenine)
- T (Thymine)
- C (Cytosine)
- G (Guanine)
- These four
letters are arranged in very long sequences, a bit like words made from
just four letters.
- ________________________________________
- 3. Your book
analogy (made clearer)
- Your analogy is
good — it just needs tightening, so it matches biology properly.
- Think of it like
this:
- The body = a
whole library
- Each cell = one
library branch
- Chromosomes =
books in the library
- Genes = chapters
in each book
- DNA letters (A,
T, C, G) = the alphabet used to write the chapters
- ________________________________________
- 4. Genre and
subgenre – linked to chromosomes and genes
- Here’s how your
genre idea fits perfectly:
- Chromosomes =
genres
- Each chromosome
is like a book of a certain genre
- For example:
- One chromosome
might focus more on growth
- Another on brain
development
- subgenre is a
smaller, more specific group within a genre.
- Applied to
genetics:
- Chromosome =
genre
- Gene = subgenre
- ________________________________________
- 7. One-sentence
Easy Read summary
- Our bodies are
made of cells. Inside cells are chromosomes. Chromosomes are made of DNA,
written using only four letters. Genes are small sections of DNA that give
instructions about how our bodies grow, look, and work, and genetics is
the science that studies how these
instructions are passed through families.
- 🧬🧬 Genetic &
Chromosomal Syndromes
- Full Module –
Introduction
- ________________________________________
- 📘 A Note About
the Quizzes (Important)
- The quizzes in
this book are optional.
- They are
included for people who:
- Want to study or
revise
- Are learning
about their own condition
- Want to
understand a condition someone they know may have
- Need quizzes for
education, training, or coursework
- 💛 Not everyone
needs to complete the quizzes.
- You do not have
to do the quizzes unless:
- You want to
- You find them
helpful
- You need them
for learning or study
- 💛 There are no
time limits.
- 💛 You may:
- Skip quizzes
- Come back to
them later
- Answer in your
own way (written, spoken, typed, or with support) The purpose of the
quizzes is to support learning and understanding,
- not to test,
pressure, or judge anyone.
- ________________________________________
- 💬 Short Version
(Easy Read / Box Option)
- The quizzes are
there to help people who want or need them.
- You do not have
to do the quizzes unless you choose to.
- ________________________________________
- 🧬 Introduction:
What Are Genetic & Chromosomal Syndromes?
- Some conditions
happen because of changes in our genes or chromosomes.
- These changes
usually happen before birth.
- They are
nobody’s fault.
- People with
genetic or chromosomal syndromes can have:
- Different
strengths
- Different
support needs
- Different life
experiences
- Everyone is
unique.
- ________________________________________
- 🧠 What Are Genes?
- Genes are
instructions inside our bodies
- They tell our
bodies how to:
- Grow
- Develop
- Work
- We get our genes
from our parents
- Genes help
decide things like:
- Eye colour
- Hair colour
- Height
- Some health and
learning differences
- ________________________________________
- 🧩 What Are
Chromosomes?
- Chromosomes are
packages that carry genes
- They are found
inside our cells
- Most people have
46 chromosomes
- This is 23 pairs
- 👉 In each pair:
- One chromosome
comes from the mother
- One chromosome
comes from the father
- ________________________________________
- 📚 An Easy Way to
Think About It
- Chromosomes are
like books
- Genes are like
chapters
- DNA is written
using only four letters (A, T, C, G)
- Even with just
four letters, the instructions can be very long and detailed.
- ________________________________________
- 🧬 What Is a
Genetic Syndrome?
- A genetic
syndrome happens when there is a change in one specific gene.
- This change may:
- Stop the gene
working properly
- Cause too much
or too little of something in the body
- Example:
- Angelman
Syndrome
- Caused by a
change in the UBE3A gene
- Found on
chromosome 15
- ________________________________________
- 🧬 What Is a
Chromosomal Syndrome?
- A chromosomal
syndrome happens when there is a change in the chromosomes themselves.
- This can mean:
- An extra
chromosome
- A missing
chromosome
- A chromosome
that is shaped differently
- Example:
- Down Syndrome
- Caused by an
extra copy of chromosome 21
- This is called
Trisomy 21
- ________________________________________
- 💛 Important
Things to Remember
- These conditions
are not caused by anything parents did or did not do
- They usually
happen before birth
- Everyone with a
genetic or chromosomal syndrome is different
- The right
support, understanding, and acceptance can make a big difference
- ________________________________________
- ✍️ Study &
Understanding Questions
- (Optional –
complete if useful for you)
- 1. What is a gene?
- 2. What is a chromosome?
- 3. How many chromosomes do most
people have?
- 4. What is a genetic syndrome?
- 5. What is a chromosomal syndrome?
- 6. Name one example of a genetic
syndrome.
- 7. Name one example of a
chromosomal syndrome.
- 8. Can parents cause genetic or
chromosomal syndromes?
- ☐ Yes ☐ No
- Explain your
answer if you can:
- ________________________________________
- 9. Why is it important to remember
that everyone is different?
- ________________________________________
- 💬 Learning
Reminder
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