Intellectual disabilities (ID) are conditions that affect how a person thinks, learns, and understands things. These difficulties begin before the age of 18.
People with an intellectual disability often:
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Learn and process information more slowly than others.
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Have difficulty with thinking, problem-solving, and making decisions.
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May struggle with everyday tasks, such as telling time, handling money, or cooking.
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May also find social skills and communication more difficult.
Support and Help
People with intellectual disabilities may benefit from:
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Special education
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Speech and language therapy
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Behavioral therapy
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Occupational therapy
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Support from family, teachers, and trained staff
Examples of Intellectual Disabilities
Some common conditions that cause intellectual disabilities include:
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Down Syndrome
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Fragile X Syndrome
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Prader-Willi Syndrome
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Williams Syndrome
What Is Not an Intellectual Disability?
Some conditions may look similar, but they are not intellectual disabilities.
For example:
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition, not an intellectual disability. However, some autistic people also have intellectual disabilities.
Conditions That May Happen Together
People with intellectual disabilities often have other conditions as well. These are called co-occurring conditions, and they may include:
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
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Cerebral Palsy
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Epilepsy
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ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
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Impulse Control Disorders
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Depression
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Anxiety Disorders
Recognizing these other conditions can be difficult, especially when a person has limited verbal communication. Family members and caregivers often notice small changes that others may not see.
Why Diagnosis and Support Matter
A correct diagnosis and the right support can make a big difference.
With the right help, people with intellectual disabilities can:
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Live happy, healthy, and safe lives
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Develop their abilities
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Be included in school, work, and the community
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